loksewa QUESTION ANSWERS

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s_ ;'l6ª :6f/             v_ Olelgª :6f/   u_ 8u :6f/       3_ kKkL :6f/

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s_ & hgf         v_ * hgf         u_ ( hgf         3_ !) hgf

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s_ a]nfot         v_ hd{gL         u_ Pl;of          3_ :k]g

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s_ @%

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s_ gjfh          v_bkmg u_ hsft   3_hgfhf

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s_@% k|ltzt v_ #) k|ltzt   u_ #& k|ltzt 3_ $) k|ltzt

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s_^)    v_ &!   u_ &(   3_ *%

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a_ clgtf z]/rg  v_ ljgLtf /]/rg u_ zflGt z]/rg   3_ sflGt z]/rg

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s)Little Princes          v_ Brave Princes        u_ Claver Princes       3_Sharpe Princes

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s_ %     v_ &    u_ ( 3_ !!

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s_ lj;@)%! v_ lj;@)%# u_ lj; @)%% 3_ lj; @)%^

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s_ @)^* a}zfv %

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s_ Pl;of v_ c:6«]lnof u_ cG6fs{l6sf 3_ pQ/ cd]l/sf

!))= g]kfnLx? a'4nfO{ s'g bjL ty b]jtfsf] cjtf/ dfGb5g\ <

s_ a|Dx v_ lji0f' u_ lzj 3_ u0f]z

!)!= vu|f; ;"o{u|x0f a9Ldf slt cjwL;Dd dfq} /xG5 <

s_ * ldg6      v_ !) ldg]6 u_ !@ ldg]6 3_ !% ldg]6

!)@= g]kfnsf] bf}To ;DjGw sfod ePsf] klxnf] d'n's s'g xf] <

s_ km|G; v_ ef/t u_ cd]l/sf 3_ a]nfot

!)# g]kfn /fi6« a}ª\ssf] ;~rfns ;ldltdf a9Ldf slt ;b:ox? /xG5g\ <

s_ ( hgf         v_ & hgf u_ % hgf 3_ # hgf

!)$= dflg;df stl hg]8L qmf]dfhf]d xG5g\ <

s_ !& hf]8L v_ @# hf]8L  u_ hf]8L 3_ !( hf]8L

!)%= clkms|f dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf 6"nf] zx/ s'g xf]

s_ g}/f]jL v_ hf]xfg]G;ju{ u_ vft{'d 3_ sfo/f]

!)^= pQ/L cd]l/sf / boI0f cd]l/sfnfO{ s]n] hf]8\b5 <

s_ edWo] ;fu/ v_ lxGbdxf;fu/ u_ kfgdf gx/ 3_ :j]h gx/

!)&=bf];|f] ljZj o'4df g]kfnn] s;nfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] <

s_ hd{g v_ ?;            u_ km|G; 3_ a]nfot

!)*= lnR5LljsfnLg lhNnf:t/sf] k|zf;lgs lgsfonfO{ s] elgYof] <

s_ ljifo v_ u|fd u_ b|ª   3_ b'ts

!)( :qLsf] e]ifdf k'?ifn] gfRg] gfrnfO{ s] elgG5

s_ 3f6' v_ ;f]/7L df?gL 3_ /Tof}nL

!!)= e[s['6L sfuh sf/vfgf s'g b]zsf] ;xof]udf ag]sf] lyof] <

s_ ?; v_ rLg u_ ef/t 3_ lkmgNoG8

!!! cfB z+s/frfo{sf] hGd ;g\ &**df ef/tsf] s'g 7fFpdf ePsf] xf] <

s_ s]/fnf v_ a}Ënf]/       u_ d'DjO{ 3_ sf]nsfQf

dg]{sf] gfdaf6 rf}tf/f agfpg'kg]{ rng s'g hflt 5 <

s_ du/ v_ u'?ª u_ ysfnL  3_ yfdL

!!@ g]kfnsf] k|yd dlxnf clwjQmfsf] xf] <

s_ clGhtf vgfn  v_;kgf dNn      u_ lzn' l;+x 3_ zf;bf dxh{g

!!#= g]kfn / ef/taLr Jokf/ / kf/jxg ;lGwdf sxln] x:tfIf/ eof] <

s_ ;g\ !(%* ck|Ln * v_ !(%( clk|n $ u_ ;g\ !(^! clk|n $ 3_ ;g\ !(^0 clk|n $

!!$ ;j}eGbf klxn]f efiff kl/jf/s'g xf]<

s_ cfUg]o v_ ef]6 ad]{nL u_ ef/f]k]nL 3_ b|lj8

!!%= d}lynL efifsf] klxn] ;flxTo s'g xf] <

s_ ;]xGtfv_ nId0f /]vf     u_ Ohg]t 3_ dfdf3/

!!^  s'g cfj b]vL g]kfndf j[4 tyf c;xfo / ljwgf eQf lbg yflnPsf] xf] <

s_ )%!÷%@ v_)%@÷%# u_)%#÷)%$3_)%$÷%%

!!& c+u]hLsf] s'g dlxgf nfO{ j]jL dGy elgG5 <

s_ cu:6 v_ ;]K6]Dj/u_ clk|n 3_ dfr{

!!* 8]lj8 j]nu'l/of s'g b]zsf k|yd k|wfgdlGq x'g\ <

s_ n]agfg         v_ Oh/fon u_ hf]8{g 3_ Sofg8f

!!( g]kfnsf] k|yd pkk|wfgdlGq sf] x'g\ <

s_ ;'j0f{ zdz]/ ha/f   v_dfwjs'df/ g]kfn          u_ jfdb]j uf}td 3_ ab|L k|;fb d08n

!@) /f0ff sfndf /fh:j lxgfdLgf ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ stl jif{;Dd ;hao x'g] Joj:yf lyof] <

s_ @ jif{ v_ # jif{ u_ % jif{ 3_ & jif{

!@! ?vs6x/sf] vf]of leqsf] loafFnfO{ s] elgG5 <

s_ cfF6L          v_ sf]of] u_ jfg:klt3_ RofDk6L

!@@ ;+;f/sf snfx?dWo] k|rLg snf s'g nfO{ dflgG5 <

s_ jf:t'snf       v_ d"lt{snf        u_ sfi7snf       3_ lrqsnf

!@# ljZj hg;+Vof lbj; slt tfl/v dgfOG5 <

s_h'nfO{ & v_ hnfO{ ( u_ h'nfO{ !! 3_ h'nfO{ !%     

!@$= ;+ljwfg;efdf blntk|ltlglwTj stlk|ltzt /x]sf] 5 <

s_ &=&& v_ *=#!          u_ (=#!  3_ !)=$!

!@%= k|wfgdlGq / dGqLx?dfq /x]sf] ;d"xNffO{ s] elgG5 <

s_ 8]:s v_ a]Gr  u_ Soflag]6       3_ dGqu0f        

!@^= cd]/Lsf sf %) /fHo dWo] stl/fHo Ps cfk;df hf]l8Psf 5g\ <

s_ $)            v_ $%            u_ $* -cn:sf / xjfO{ /fHo cnu_ 3_ %)

!@& :sfp6sf] cGt/fli6«o e]nfnfO{ s] elgG5 <

s_ hDj/L v_ dxf;Dd]ng  u_ dxfs'De        3_ l/l6ª lj6Lª

!@* s'g ljZjljVoft cGt/fl6«o sDkgLsf] gfd clkm|sL xl/0f jf6 /flvPsf] 5 <

s_ gfOs          v_ Pl88f;        u_ k'df   3_ l/jf]s

!@(= k[YjLsf] s'n kfgLsf] efudWo] slt k|ltzt lx:;f gbL, lxdgbL, tfn tn}of, / ;fu/n] 9fs]sf] 5 <

s_ !@   v_ !$  u_ !^    3_ @)

!#)= dfgj cª\u d'6', sn]hf], d[uf}nf / Kofª\lqmofh dWo] s'g rflx cª\u k]6 ;DalGwt x'b}g\ <

s_ d'6'   v_ sn]hf]          u_ Kofª\lqmofh     3_ d[uf}nf

!#!= a'4 hGd]s]f slt lbgdf pgsL cfdf k/nf]s ePsL lyOg\ <

s_ # lbgdf        v_ % lbgdf     u_ $ lbgdf       3_ & lbg

!#@= kmfNu'gfgGb s:tf u'? dflgG5g\ <

s_ a]bfGt bz{g    v_ bz{gzf:qL     u_ cå}t dfu{sf] k|]/s        3_ tk:jL dfxfu'?

!##= hlt ;'s} ul/a ePklg dg]{sf] gfdaf6 rf}tf/f agfpg'kg]{ rng s'g hfltdf /x]sf] 5 <

s_ lh/]n          v_ ;'/]n u_ yfdL          3_ bg'jf/

!#$= ljZjd} lakm/ (small pox) sf] klxnf] EoflS;g kfpg] JolQm sf] x'g\ < h'g EoflS;g 8f= P8jf8{ h]g/ n] u/]sf lyP .

s_ h]D; lkmK;     v_ h]lg; l:dy    u_ kfpn hf]gfyg 3_ d]/L 6fOn/

!#%= ;fkm km'6an RofDkLPgl;ksf] Ps} ;+:s/0fdf ;jf{lws ;ft uf]n ug]{ v]nf8L sf] x'g\ <

s_ efOr'ª\ e'l6of v_ cfO{Pd ljlhog u_ /f]zg k/]/f 3_ ;'lgn If]qL -g]kfnL d'nsf ef/tLo sKtfg_

!#^= /fi6«slj dfwjk|;fb l3ld/]sf] hGd s'g lhNnfdf ePsf] lyof] <

s_ sf:sL v_ ndh'ª-!(&^ c;f]h &_ u_ uf]/vf 3_ tgx'F

!#&= xjfOhfxfh p8\g] jf pqg] :yfgnfO{ s] elgG5 <

s_ Free way v_ Subway u_ Run way  3_Highway 

!#*= b'O{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L /]nj] nfOg e]6 x'g] 7fFpnfO{ s] elgG5 <

s_ Junction v_ Terminal u_ Halt 3_ Metro

 !#(= kmf]8{ lyP6/df gf6s x]bf{ dfl/Psf cd]l/sL /fi6«klt sf] x'g\ <

s_ hf]g Pkm s]g]8L v_ ljlnPd DoflsGn] u_ h]D; uflkm{N8 3_ ca|fxd lnª\sg

!$)= rGb|dfdf af]lnPsf] klxnf] zAb s'g xf] <

s_ yfª\So" v_ cf]s] u_ OG6«]l:6ª 3_ x]Nnf]

!$!= ;a}eGbf w]/} kUng] ljGb' ePsf] tTj s['g xf] <

s_ kf/f] v_ ;f]l8Pd u_ sfa{g 3_ x]lnod

!$@= l;d|f}gu9 s'g lhNnfdf k5{ <

s_ jf/f -sgf{6s j+zsf] zfzg_ v_ k;f{ u_ dsjf/gk'/ 3_ /f}tx6

!$#= s'g b]zsf cflbjf;LnfO{ sf]cfnf elgG5 <

s_ c:6«]lnof v_ Go"lhNof08 u_ blIf0f clkm|sf 3_ 3fgf

!$$= Borneo Pygmy s'g hgfj/sf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] k|hflt xf] <

s_ u}8f  v_ xflQ u_ xl/0f 3_ cgf{

!$%= ?b| , ljlrq / ;/:jlt s'g jfBoGqsf k|sf/ x'g\ <

s_ afF;'/L          v_ ;gfO          u_ l;tf/ 3_ jL0ff

!$^= s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] of]ubfg slt k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 <

s_ !)  v_ !%   u_ @)   3_ @#

!$^= gf]j]n zflGt k'/:sf/ afx]s cGo kfFr k'/:sf/ s;sf xftaf6 k|wfg ul/G5 <

s_ a]nfotsL dxf/flg v_ :jL8]gsf /fhf u_ gj]{sf /fhf

!$&= jif{sf] ;j}eGbf 5f]]6f] lbg s'g xf] <

s_ l8;]Dj/ !# v_ l8;]Dj/ !( u_ l8;]Dj/ @@ #_ l8;]Dj/ @*

!$*= g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq lng stL jif{ k'u]sf] x'g'k{ <

s_ !%   v_ !^   u_ !*   3_ @!

!$(= af3rfn v]ndf slt af3 x'G5g\ <

s_ $   v_ ^     u_ *     3_ !)

!%)= g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df lsk6 k|yf slxn] vf/]h eof] <

s_ @)!@          v_ @)!% u_ @)!*         3_ @)@!

!%!= g]kfn ko{6g jif{ @)!! sf] cf}krfl/s 3f]if0ff slxn] eof] <

s_ @)^^ df3 !$ v_ @)^^ df3 @* u_ @)^^ kmfu'g !$ 3_ @)^^ kmfu'[g @*

!%@= a]nfotsf] @) kfp08sf] sfuhL gf]6df s'g j}1flgssf] t:jL/ c+lst 5 <

s_ ;/ cfOHos Go'6g v_ dfOsn kmf/f8] u_ cNj6{ cfO:6fOg 3_ :6]km]G; xlsG;

!%#= s'g /f0ff k|wfgdlGqsf] kfnf b]lv ljb]zdf g]kfnL /fhb't /fVg yflnPsf] xf] <

s_ rGb| zdz]/ v_ b]j zdz]/ u_ jL/ zdz]/ 3_ h'4 zdz]/

!%$= u'?ª hfltsf] leQfdf sf]l/g] Ps k|sf/sf] leQ] lrqnfO{ s] elgG5 <

s_ k'/ftL lrq v_ kf}jf lrq u_ leQ] lrq 3_ yfGsf

!%%= jftfj/0f If]qdf k|wfg ul/g] Glante Conservation Award kfpg] g]kfnL sf] x'g\ <

s_ 8f= lbg]z e'h' v_ 8f= lslt{dfg tfdfª u_ 8f= d's'Gb rfln;] 3_ 8f= s]bf/ zdf{

!%^= e'6fgsf] /fli6«o lbj; s'g tfl/sdf dgfG5 <

s_ l8;]Dj/ ( v_ l8;]Dj/ !! u_ l8;]Dj/ !# 3_ l8;]Dj/ !&

!%&= Pl;ofjf6 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3df dxf;lrj x'g] pyfGt s'g b]zsf gful/s x'g\ <

s_ yfONof08 v_ Dofgdf/ u_ leotgfd 3_ nfcf];

!%*= g]kfndf slxn]b]vL PrcfO{eL ;+qmldtsf] pkrf/ x'g yfn]sf] xf] <

s_ @))! v_ @))@ u_ @))# 3_ @))$

!%(= /fli6«o If]o/f]u sfo{qmdsf ;b\efjgf b't sf] x'g\ M dx hf]8L

!^)= kkm\o{'d % xhf/ jif{ klxn] s'g b]zaf6 ;'? ePsf] xf] <

s_ OlhK6 v_ km|fG; u_ a]nfot 3_ rLg

!^!= e|i6frf/ lj/f]wL ;+:yf 6fG;k]/]G;L OG6/g]zgnsf cg';f/ e|i6rf/ ;'rsfÍ @)!! df ;'lrs[t ljZjsf !*# b]z dWo] g]kfn slt :yfgdf 5 < M !%$ cf}+ - o; cl3 !$^ cf}+ :yfg_, ;fs{df e'6fg ;j}eGbf sd e|i6rf/ x'g] xf] eg] ckmuflg:6fg ;j}eGbf jl9 e|i6rf/ x'g] d'n's x'g\ .

!^@= ;j}eGbf al9 e|i6rf/ x'g] d'n'[s ;f]dfnLof xf] eg] ;j}eGbf sd e|i6rf/ x'g] d'n's M s_ :jLh/Nof08 v_ lgb/Nof08 u_ cfo/Nof08 3_ Go'lhNof08

!^#= z+s/rfo{ s'g wd{sf JofVoftf Pj+ k|rf/s lyP <

s_ sfklns v_ cå}t u_ h}g 3_ af}4

!^$= k}uDa/ df]xDdbn] cfkm'n] k|fKt u/]sf] 1fg ;j{k|yd s;nfO{ ;'gfPsf lyP <

s_ co'aqm v_ /;'n u_ /dhKt 3_ vflbhf

!^$= kf;fª Nofd' z]kf{ t];|f] k6sdf ;u/fdfyf sf] lzv/df k'Ug ;kmn eOg\ .

!^%= rGb|fo0fsf] j|t lng] /fhf sf] x'g\ <

s_ k|tfk dNn v_ l;l4gl;{x dNn u_ >L lgjf; dNn 3_ of]ug/]Gb| dNn

 !^^= g]kfnL efiff l;sfpg] k|of]hgsf nflu k|sflzt ul/Psf\] klxnf] k':ts s'g s'g xf] <

s_ JoQm rlGb|sf v_ cIf/fÍ lzIff u_ afnaf]w 3_ g]kfnL l/8/x?

!^&= g]kfndf dlxnf lzIffsf] k|f/De ug]{ JolQm sf] x'g\ <

s_ uª\uf afO{ v_ nIdL afO{ u_ /Def afO{ 3_ /Ltf afO{

!^*= ;Dk"0f{ snsf/sf] hggL / lbdfusf] cf}iflw bz{g xf] . of] egfO{ s'sf] xf] <

s_ Pl/:6f]6n v_ xS:n] u_ l;;]/f] 3_ lksf;f]

!^(= afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw cg';f/ slt jif{ k"/f gePsf JolQmnfO{ afnaflnsf elgG5 < M !* jif{

!&)= k"0f{ hLjgsf nflu lzIff of] pb]Zo s'g jfbsf nflu ;DalGwt /x]sf] 5 <

s_ oyf{yjfb v_ cfb{zjfb u_ k|of]hgjfb 3_ k|s[ltjfb

!&!= g]kfnL ;]gfdf dlxnfsf] k|j]z slxn] b]vL ePsf] xf] <

s_ @)!^ v_ @)!* u_ @)@) 3_ @)@@

!&@= g]kfnsf Ps dfq zf:qLo ;f/ËL jfbs sf] x'g\ <

s_ lvdaxfb'/ uGw{j v_ tLy{axfb'/ uGw{j u_ v8\ujxfb'/ uGw{j

!&#= …cNs]ld:6… ( The alchemist) gfds pkGof;sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < s_ hh{ c/j]n v_ kn{ p; as u_ kfpnL sf]Pnf]

!&$= ef/tsf] k|ltli7t lqms]6 k'/:sf/ ch'{g cjf8{ s;n] k|fKt u/]sf lyP < s_ uf}td ufDeL/ v_ jL/]Gb| ;xjfu dlxGb| l;+x wf]gL 3_ hflx/ vfg -ef/tsf gDj/ jfg jn/_

!&%= ljZj jGohGt' sf]ifsf cg';f/ clxn] k|fs[lts cj:fdf ;+;f/df ^ k|hfltsf hDdf slt af3 /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 <

s_ @* ;o v_ #@ ;o  u_ #$ ;o 3_ #^ ;o

!&^= af3 #))) ld6/ dfly klg kfOG5 eGg] tYo k|dfl0ft ug]{ ;+;f/sf] klxnf] j}1flgs sf] x'g\ < s_ 8f= k|xnfb of]~hg-@)^* ;fn sflt{s !$ d[To'_ v_ sLlt{dfg u'?ª u_ 8f= xs{ u?ª 3_ 8f= rGb| u?ª

!&&= ;'o{nfO{ k[YjLn]] kl/qmdf  u5{ eGg] s'/f s;n] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] lyP < s_ Uoflnlnof] v_ cfls{ldl8h u_ hf]xfg; s]Kn/ 3_ sf]klg{s;

!&*= ;g\ @)!! sL ld; cy{ s'g b]zsL gful/s lyOg\ <

s_ OSj]8/-ld; cf]Nuf cf]nfef_ v_ e]]g]h'onf u_ Sofg8f 3_ o'qm]g

!&*= g]kfnL km'6an l6dsf …nSsL JjfO{Ú eg]/ lrlgg] e/t vjf;n] cfkm\gf] klxnf] uf]n s'g b]z lj?4 u/] <

s_ ef/t v_ hf]8{g u_ jª\nfb]z 3_kfls:tfg-@)^$ kf]v/f_

!&(= ;g\ !((# df blIf0f Pl;ofnL v]ns'[bdf km'6andf :j0f{ kbs lhTbf g]kfnsf] /fli6«o 6f]nL sf sKtfg sf] lyP <

s_ u0f]z yfkf v_ xl/ v8\sf u_ /fh' zfSo 3_ ;fu/ yfkf

!*)= bf]nf lzv/ :jfdL gfddf pkTosfsf] s'g dGbL/ k|l;4 5<

s_ rfFu'gf/fo0f v_ Orª\u'gf/fo0f u_ ljzª\v'gf/fo0f z]ifgf/fo0f

!*!= g]kfnL dlxnfdf ;jf{lws /Qmbfg ug]{ dlxnf sf] x'g\ <

s_ lxt' u?ª v_ gLtf l3/fOof u_ ljdnf tfdfª 3_zld{nfvltj8f

!*@= kfZj{ ;+lut lbOPsf] klxnf] g]kfnL rnlrq s'g xf] <

s_ dfOtL3/ v_ h'gL u_ lrgf] 3_ dgsf] afFw

!*#= cfO{;L;Lsf] dfGoftf k|fKt g]kfnsf] klxnf] lqms]6 /]km|L sf] x'g\ < s_ ljgo emf v_ /fh' v8\sf u_ d]xa'a cfnd 3_ a'l4axfb'/ k|wfg

!*$= o'lg;]kmn] @)!! gf]e]Dj/ #) sf lbg ef/tsf] tkm{af6 cfkm\gf] ;b\efjgf /fhb't s'g nf]slk|o cleg]tfnfO{ agfPsf] 5 <

s_ cfld/ vfg v_ ;ndfg vfg u_ zfx?v vfg 3_ ;}kmcnL vfg

!*%= blIf0f sf]l/of ;/sf/n] Pl;ofnL ;+:s[lt cfbfg k|bfgsf nflu s'g g]kfnL ;+:s[ltljb\nfO{ lgo'Qm u/]sf] 5 <

s_ ;Todf]xg hf]zL v_ t'n;L lbj; u_ 8f= u0f]zdfg u'?ª 3_ 8f= ho/fh kGt

!*^= @)^* ;fnsf] cfjfn a|drf/L if8fgGb k'/:sf/ s;nfO{ k|wfg ul/Psf] xf] <

s_ 8f= tf/fgfy zdf{ v_ 8f= df]xglxdf+z' yfkf u_ k/z' k|wfg 3_ dbgdl0f lblIft

!*&=ljWojfl;gL Do'lgs cjf8{n] @)^* ;fnsf] …nfOkm 6fOd clrEd]G6Ú s'g ufosnfO{ k|wfg ul/of] <

s_ /Tg zdz]/ yfkf v_ ls/0f v/]n u_ dl0fs/Tg 3_kmQ]dfg

!**= c/a /fi6«x? dWo] s'g b]zdf al9 lqmlZrogx? 5g\ <

s_ hf]8{g v_ l;l/of u_ n]agfg 3_ cf]dg

!*(= OGb|0fLsf] ;j} /ª 5'§fpg ;Sg] r/fsf] gfd s'g xf] < s'v'/f

!()= r/fx?sf] dxfb]z M blIf0f cd]l/sf

!(!= klqsfdf ;DkfbsLo n]Vg] rng M km|fG;af6 ;'?

!(@= g]kfnL dlxnf /fli6«o km'6an 6f]nLsf sKtfg M hd'gf u?ª

!(@= @)!(sf] ljZjsk lqms]6 k|ltof]lutf M Oª\Nof08

!(#= g]kfndf sfg'g lbj; Ms_ a}zfv @^ v_ a}zfv @# u_a}zfv 

!($= @)^* ;fnsf] o'uslj l;l4r/0f k'/:sf/ s'g ;flxTosf/nfO{ kwfg ul/of] < M ljdn lgef v_ OGb|axfb'/ /fO{ u_ lszf]/ j'9fyf]sL

!(%= g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljBfno zflGt If]q 3f]if0ff M @)^* h]7 !!

!(^= g]kfnsf] Olhlgol/ª lbj; M ;fpg #

!(&= cfl;ofgsf dxf;lrjsf] kbfjlw slt jif{sf] x'G5 <

s_+ # jif{ v_ @ jif{ u_ $ jif{ 3_ % jif{

!(*= k'ghf{u/0fsf] ;'?jft s'g b]zaf6 ePsf] dflgG5 <

s_ a]nfot v_ hd{gL u_ km|fG; 3_ O6fnL

!((= o'/f]kdf cf}Bf]lus qmflGt k|f/De ePsf] d'n's s'g xf] <

s_ :jL8]g v_ :jL6\h/Nof08 u_ cl:6«of 3_ a]nfot

@))= ;g\ !(%@ df h]=cf/= 8L 6f6fn] hjfx/nfn g]x?sf] ;Nnfxdf ef/tdf s'g pBf]u yfngL u/]sf lyP <

s_ s:d]l6s v_ l;d]G6 u_ sk8f 3_ l;;f

@)!= k[YjLdf ;a}eGbf a9L kfOg] wft'sf] ;'rLdf ;'g sltcf}+ :yfgdf kb{5 <

s_ ^% cf}+ v_ &) cf}+ u_ &# cf}+ 3_ &% cf}+

@)@= ;g\ @)!! ;]K6]Da/ @( df dgfOPsf] ljZj d'6' lbj;sf] gf/f M Ps ljZj Ps 3/ Ps d'6'

@)#= …gh/fgf… zAb s'g efiffaf6 cfPsf] xf] <

s_ c/jL v_ lxGbL u_ ;+:s[t 3_ u|Ls

@)$= …:jfwLgtfsf] kL8f… uLt ;+u|xsf ;|i6f sf] x'g\ <

s_ sfnLk|;fb l/hfn v_ lbg]z clwsf/L u_ u0f]z /l;s 3_ If]qk|;fb clwsf/L

@)%= qm]l86 sf8{ k|of]udf Nofpg] g]kfnsf] klxnf] a}ª\s s'g xf] <

s_ gljn a}ª\s v_ g]kfn OGe]:6d]G6 a}ª\s u_:6«ofG88{ rf6{/ 3_lxdfnog a}ª\s

@)^= afl0fHo a}+s vf]Ngsf nflu rflxg] Go'gtd r'Qmfk"FhL slt xf] < s_ !)) s/f]8 v_ @)) s/f]8 u_ #)) s/f]8 3_ $)) s/f]8

@)&= …yG; l8lkm/]G;… cyf{t km/s ;f]r s'g ljVoft sDkgL xf]l8{ª jf]8{df b]Vg ;lsG5 < PKkn

@)*=hgL{ 6' of;f{ gfds j[Qlrqsf lgb]{zs sf] x'g\ <

s_ 5l/ª l/tf/ v_ df]xg d}gfnL u_ lbk]Gb| e08f/L 3_ lu/Lz lu/L

@)(= cfgL 5f]Oª 8f]Ndfsf] cfTd syf …km'nsf] cfFvfdf… !# efiffdf k|sflzt 5 , g]kfnL efiffdf lu/Lz lu/Ln] k|sflzt u/]sf lyP .

@!)= @)!! df gf]j]n k'/:sf/ kfpg] k|yd c/j dlxnf tfjfs'n sf/dfg s'g b]zsf gful/s x'g\ <

s_ s'j]t v_ stf/ u_ odg 3_ O/fg

@!!= dlxnf ;}lgsnfO{ o'4df ;l/s x'g dfGotf lbPsf b]zx? M Oh/fon, Go'lhNofG8, c:6«]lnof, Sofg8f

@!@= g]kfndf dfjf]jfbL n8fs'sf] ;+Vof stl /x]sf] 5 <

s_ !( xhf/ % ;o @& v_ !( xhf/ % ;o % u_ !( xhf/ # ;o @& 3_ !( xhf/ % ;o @%

@!#= g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;+Vof slt /x]sf] 5 <

s_ ! nfv v_ (# xhf/ u_ () xhf/ 3_ *) xhf/

@!$= g]kfnL ;]gfdf ljz]if hfthflt /x]sf] u0f rf/ 5g\ tL x'g\ M gofF ;a'h u0f–    dw];L             k'/fgf] u0f–     du/hftL

sfnLaxfb'/ u0f–   u'?ª               l/k'db{g u0f–    /fO{

@!%= @)^* sf] P]ltxfl;s lnulnu] bf}8sf] pkfwL s;n] k|fKt u¥of] < s_ /fh]Gb| e08f/L v_ pQd vqL u_ xl/k|;fb l/dfn

@!^= ljZjsf] s'n hg;+Vof dWo] %) k|ltzt zx/df j:5 .

@!&= PKkn sDkgLsf ;x;+:yfks l:6a hA;sf] %^ jif{sf] pd]/df slxn] lgwg eof] <

s_ # cS6f]a/ @)!! v_ ^ cS6f]a/ @)!! u_ ( cS6f]j/ @)!!

@!*= >Lnª\sfsf] s'g 7fFpdf @)^* ;fn c;f]h @! b]vL @( ;Dd klxnf] blIf0f Pl;ofnL jLr v]ns'b cfof]hgf ePsf] lyof] <

s_ sf]nDaf] v_ l6«Gsf]dfnL u_ xDafG6f]6f -pQm v]ndf g]kfnn] ^ v]ndf efu lnPsf] lyof] / klxnf] :j0f{ kbs 3f]8r9L jf OSj]:6«]gdf w'|j k|;fb cof{n_ 3_ hfkm\gf

@!(=ef/tLo uhn ;d|f6 hulht l;+xsf] &) jif{df lgwg

s_ % cS6f]a/ @)!! v_ & cS6f]a/ @)!! u_ !) cS6f]a/ @)!! -vf; gfd hudf]xg >]i7_

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s_ @)^* sflQs !! v_ @)^* sflt{s !# u_ @)^* sflt{s !%

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@@@= k|d'b /fhgLlts bnn] @)^* ;fn sflt{s !% u/]sf] ;fta'b] ;xdltdf a9Ldf slt hgf n8fs' ;dfof]hg ul/g] pNn]v 5 <

s_ % xhf/ % ;o v_ ^ xhf/ % ;o u_ & xhf/ % ;o

@@#= km'jfd'Nnfx lqms]6 d}bfg… s'g ;fs{ d'n'sdf k5{ < dflNbE;

@@$= e"sDk;DjlGw dfkg /]S6/ :s]n s;n] cflj:sf/ u/] <

s_ km]/]s /]S6/ v_ l:dy /]S6/ u_ rfN;{ /]S6/ 3_ kmf?s /]S6/

@@%= dfxfTd ufGwLnfO{ slt k6s gf]j]n zflGt k'/:sf/sf nflu dgf]gog ul/of] t/ pgnfO{ k|fKt ePg < M rf/ k6s - !(#&, #*, #(, $&_

@@^= k|l;4 ef/lto of]uu'? /fdb]jsf] vf; gfd s]xf] <

s_ /fd >Ljf:tj v_ /fd ls;'g ofbj u_ /fd s'df/ jghL{

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@@*=@)!! sf] dfgj ljsf; ;'rsfÍdf g]kfn slt cf}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 <

s_ !%) v_ !%& u_ !^) 3_ !^%

@@(=kz'kltgfydf rfFbLsf$9f]sf /fVg nufpg] s'g k|wfgdGqLx'g\<

s_ eLd;]g yfkf v_ hª\uaxfb'/ /f0ff u_ h'4zdz]/ 3_rGb|zdz]/

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s_ ufGwL v_ ca|fxd ln+sg u_ dfl6{g n'y/ 3_ g]kf]lnog

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s_ b]jLnfn df]Qmg v_ hLjg /fhf]kfWofo u_ 6]sjL/ d'lvof

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s_ dfsn ;'dfs/ v_ kmgf{G8f] cnf]G;f] u_ h]G;g a6g 3_ ;]jfl:6j le6]n - /]8 a'n/]gfN6sf ljZj RoflDkog had{g rfns_

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s_ @) v_ @# u_ @% 3_ #)

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s_ @)!) c;f]h !) v_ @)!! c;f]h !) u_ @)!@ c;f]h !)

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s_ pQ/ k|b]z v_ pQ/f~rn -;g\ @)!)_ u_ ljxf/ 3_ sgf{6s

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s_ !% v_ !( u_ @@ 3_ @%

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s_ /ftf] v_ gLnf] u_ xl/of] 3_ kx]+nf]

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s_ !*&@ v_ !**@ u_ !(&@ 3_ !(*@

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s_ P8jf8{ h]g/ v_ hf]gf; ;fNs-!(%$_ u_ /a6{ sf]r

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s_ O6fnL v_ :k]g u_ km|fG; 3_ lgb/Nof08 -xNofG8_

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s_ ;f/ly v_ xf]rf] b]z u_ j}zfvL 3_ lgwf]{ cfsfz

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s_ @)$@ v_ @)$$ u_ @)$^ 3_ @)$*

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s_ ;Rrf ;lxi0f'tf v_ uª\uf hd'gL u_ wtL{ cfsfz

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s_ k'?if]Qd bfxfn v_ lszf]/ g]kfn 3_ g/fo0f jfUn]-gful/s _

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s_ @ jif{ v_ # jif{ u_ $ jif{ 3_ % jif{

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s_ rv]jf v_ sflnh u_ a§of{ 3_ xfF;

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@$*= ;fK6fsf] cjwf/0f Nofpg] b]z s'g xf] <

s_ ef/t v_ kfls:tfg u_ g]kfn 3_ >Lnsf

@$(= o'g]Ssf] (UNESCO) sf] Pl;ofl:yt If]lqo sfof{no ef/tsf] s'g ;x/df /x]sf] 5 <M

s_ gofFlbNnL v_ sf]nsfQf u_ b]x/fb'g 3_ nvgp

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s_ l/ofw v_ t]x/fg u_ aubfb 3_ bf]xf -stf/_

@%!= kfgL pdfNbf s'g tTjsf] gfz x'G5 <

s_ xfO8«f]hg v_ kfof]/fhg u_ gfO6«f]hg 3_ clSh;g

@%@= lqe'jg cGt/fli6«o ljdfg:yndf RADAR s'g b]zsf] ;xof]udf /flbPsf] xf] <M

s_ hfkfg v_ rLg u_ a]nfot 3_ ?;

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s_ nG8g v_ k]l/; u_ jln{g 3_ :s6xf]d

@%$= ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf slxn] b]lv dlxnfx?n] dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/ k|fKt u/] <-;g\_

s_ !(!# v_ !(!% u_ !(!& 3_ !(@)

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@%^=g]kfn kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;+3sf] :yfkgf slxn] eof] <

s_ lj;+ @)!) v_ @)!# u_ @)!% 3_ @)!&

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s_ kTgLsf] v_ 5f]/Lsf] u_ 5f]/fsf] 3_ k|]ldsfsf]

@%*= cb'ccfsf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] xf] <

s_ lj;+ @)$% v_ @)$^ u_ @)$& 3_ @)$*

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@^!= sd{rf/Lsf lx;fjn] 7"nf] dGqfno s'g M :jfYo tyf hg;+Vof

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@^#= @)!! sf] dlxnf ljZjsk hfkfgn] lhTbf l6d SofK6]g sf] <

s_ ;fsL s'dfufO{   v_ sf]df/] ;fjf   u_ co'dL sOxf]/L

@^$= cfn'sf] pTkfbg s'g blIf0f cd]/LsL d'n'sdf @ xhf/ jif{ cl3b]lv ePsf] xf] <

s_ ch]{lG6gf v_ jf]n]leof u_ k]? 3_ e]g]h'onf 

@%^ = cGt/fli6«o d'b|f sf]ifdf xfn slt ;b:o /fi6« /x]sf 5g\ <

s_ ! ;o *! v_ ! ;o *&  u_ !()

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s_ pkLofF v_ dfs'/f u_ uª\u6f] 3_ em\ofpls/L

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– g]kfndf !^ cf]6f k'g/fj]bg cbfntx? 5g\ .

–@)!% ;fpg  !^ df klAns ;le{; sld;gnfO{ nf]s;]jf cfof]u egL g]kfnLdf gfdfs/0f

– g]kfnsf] #% lhNnfn] b]zsf] l;dfgf 5'b}g .

– ;g\ @)!) d] @@ sf lbg ;j}eGbf sd pd]/df ;u/dfyfcf/f]x0f ug]{ JolQm hf]8{g /f]d]/f] , Soflnkmf]lg{of lgjf;L

– g]kfnn] cfly{s s"6gLlt slxn]b]lv ;'? u/]sf] xf] < M ;g\ !((!

– af8Ldflnsf b]jLsf] dlGb/ s'g lhNnfdf kb{5 < M afh'/f

– t]nsf] dxf;fu/ eg]/ s'g dxf;fu/nfO{ lrlgG5 < M lxGb dxf;f

– km|fG;sf n'O{ rf}wf}FnfO{ slxn] kmF;L lbO{sf] lyof] < M !&(# df

– lnR5jLsfndf dGqL:t/sf] kbflwsf/LnfO{ s] elgGYof] <cdfTo

– rkl:6s $ xhf/ jif{ klxn] s'g b]z jf6 cfPsf] xf] < rLg

– ljZj jGohGt' sf]ifn] ;g\ @)!@nfO{ cGt/fli6«o af3 jif{sf] ?kdf dgfpg] lg0f{o u¥of] .

– The guru of love s'g ;flxTosf/ sf] k|yd pkGof; xf] <;d|f6 pkfWofo

–lnjLof zfzs u2fkmLsf] dlxnf cª\u/Ifs nfO{ klZrdf kqsf/n] Pdf]lhogg\ eg]/ gfd lbPsf lyP .

– @)^* d+l;/ # df ePsf] ;kmn kf]v/f sk km'6ansf] pkfwL z]v hdn wfgd'08L -aª\unfb]z_

– eLd;]g yfkfnfO{ /fhs'df/ b]j]Gb|sf] xTof u/]sf] cf/f]kdf s}b

– @)!! df !) jif{ d'VodGqLsf] kbdf cfl;g x'g] nfdf] cjlwsf d'VodGqL sf] x'g M g/]Gb| df]bL u'h/ft d'VodGqL

– o"P;Pdf !&@& b]vL l;Ssf k|rngdf

– ljx]df j]x'nfsf] afa' ljx]df hGt ghfg] rng bg'jf/df

– sf}l6Nosf] cy{zf:q !) zLif{sdf tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 .

– lnR5LjLsfndf zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;a}eGbf tNnf] txu|fd k|zfzg

– ;dosf] cWoog ug]{ zf:qnfO{ Horology xf]/f]nf]hL

– cfh;Ddsf] clen]vdf cfsfzdf rDsg] ljh'nLsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] nDjfO{ #@ lsdL

– a'4n] lbPsf] pkb]znfO{ s] elgG5 < M wd{rqm kjt{g

– s[lif ljsf; a}ª\s sf] :yfkgf @)@$ df3 &

– g]kfnn] cfPncf] ;b:otf !(^^df

– ;"rgfsf] xs ;DjlGw cGt/fli6« lbj; M ;]K6]Dj/ @* , ))# b]vL

– rd]/f j:g] 7fFpnfO{ a;]/f (Roost)

– ;fdfGo g[To OG8f]g]lzofsf] g[To xf]

– t]SjfGbf]v]n cf]nDkLsdf !(** df k|a]z

– g]kfndf 5fkfvfgfsf] :yfkgf !()*df

– ;g\ !(() df gf]j]n ljh]tf g]N;g d08]nf nfO{ ef/tn] ;j}eGbf k|lti7Lt ;Ddfg ef/t /Tg åf/f ;Ddfg

– PS;/] le8Lof] PS;/]sf] sfd ug]{ JolQmnfO{ /]l8of]nf]lhi6

– ljZjdf d?e"dLs/0faf6 k|ToIf @% s/f]8 dflg; k|efljt

– 8f= k|ef k|wfg cfls{8 -;'gufef÷;'gfv/L_ df ljBfjfl/wL ug]{ klxnf] dlxnf x'g\ .

– k|wfgdGqL e6/fO{sf] d'":tfª uf8Lsf] gDj/ M af!em (#^)

 – cS6f]k;sf] /ut s'g /ªsf] x'G5 M gLnf]

– s[ifssf] nflu ;j}eGbf pQmd df6f] M sfnf] df6f]

– cfsfzdf ljdfgåf/f v]lng] v]nnfO{ s] elgG5 M P/f]Aofl5S;

– ljZjdf ;j}eGbf /fd|f] sfuh M lkmgNof08df

– g]kfndf lqms]6sf] ;'?jft M !(@*

– @)!!df ePsf P;L;L o'–!( OnfO6 sksf] g]kfn pkljh]tf, o'–!( ljZjsk @)!@ sf] 5gf}6

– g]kfndf P;L;L @) @) lqms]6df g]kfn rf}yf] :yfgdf , cfO;L;L @) @) ljZjskdf 5gf}6

­­­– d?e"dL gePsf] dxfb]z sg xf] < o"/f]k

– j}1flgs yf]d; Pl8;g s]b]lv 8/fpFy] M cWof/f] b]lv    

– g]kfn / blIf0f so]l/ofaLr >d ;Demf}tf slxn] ePsf] xf] < ;g\ @))& h'nfO{ @# eg] g]kfnn] @))* cu:6 !! b]lv k7fpg yfNof]

– g]kfnsL s'g ufoLsfsf] gfd 8f]ns'df/L b]jL xf] M tf/f b]jL

– dxfTdf ufGwL n] klxn] ;Gof; sxfF u/]sf lyo < rDkf/g

– sflGtk'/ zx/sf] :yfkgf ug]{ sf] x'g\ < u'0f sfdb]j

– uh'/ gePsf] g]kfnsf] Ps dfq dlGb/ s'g xf] < czf]s ljgfos

– dxfjL/ h}g n] s]s]f ?vd'gL j;L tk:of u/] M ;fn

– g]kfnsf] zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd Pl8jLsf];xof]udf ;~rflnt

– g]kfn df ;tL k|yfsf] cGTo !(&&df

– le6fldg 8Lsf] csf]{ gfd M SoflN;km]/f]n

– k|yd ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ng M d]lS;s]f l;6L

– ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] ;j}eGbf kl5Nnf] dfGotf lbPsf] efiff c/jL xf]

– ;fs{ pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] :yfkgf M !(($

– @)^* sf] o'jf df]lt k'/:sf/ o'jf dl0f nf]xgL / Jofs'n dfOnf

–;fDjf– a|flhnsf] nf]slk|o gfr xf] eg] ?Djf – So'jfsf] xf] .

– g]kfnsf] sf]zL, s0ff{nL / u08sLdf kfO{g] 8NkmLgnfO{ ;f]+; eG5

– Pp6} k|wfgdGqL pk/ ^ dlxgfdf Ps k6s cljZjf;s]f k|:tfj

– k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qm ^% jif{ ;Dd kbdf

– dxfGofoflwjQmf cjlw;Dd axfn /xg] 5g\ M k|wfgdGqLsf]OR5f

– lnR5jL sfndf k|x/LnfO{ s] M b08gfos

– /f0fsfndf lhNnfsf] k|d'b M ;'Jjf

– g]kfndf slt hftLsf] km"n km'Ng] lj?jf kfOG5 M ^%)) k|hflt

– wfg gfr lnDj' hfltsf] k|l;4 gfr xf] .

– k|yd of]hgfdf al9 /sd oftfoft tyf ;~rf/df vr{

– jl/i7 snfsf/ s]zj /fh kL8fnLsf] cGTob]vL ;'? gfds s[lt jf6 ag]sf] rnlrq lhjg /]vf xf] .

– g]kfnsf] #^ lhNnfdf r'/] kxf8 km}lnsPsf] 5 .

– ;j}eGbf w]/} v]nf8L ;xefuL x'g] v]n kmLl;ª-df5f dfg]{_ v]n

– lrlgofF ;Dotf O{ k" @*%@ af6 ;'? ePs] xf] .

– dlxgfnfO{ rf/ xKtfdf ljefhg ug]{ ;Eotf a]ljnf]lgof ;Eotf

– a]nfotL Hofnfb/L sfddf k|lt30tf Go'gtd %=(# kfpG8       – Dofs]GhL s'g b]zsf] ;j}eGbf 7"nf] gbL M Sofg8f

– leIf' leIf'0fL kfngf ug]{ lgod ljgo lk6sdf pNn]v

– lutf/df ^ j6f tf/ x'G5g eg] l;tf/df & j6f

– s'g cf]nDkLs;Dd lbOg] :j0f{ kbs z'4 ;'gsf] M ;g\ !(!@

–g]kfnL ;flxTosf] d'Qms ljwfdf klxnf] ljBfjfl/wL ug]{ klxnf] JolQm M d'/fl/ k/fh'nL

– hf];]km lk|:6 sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 kfgLdf ld;fpbfF ;f]8fkfgL jG5 eGg] kQf nufP .

ef/tsf] hgnf]skfn eg]sf] s]xf] <

       ef/tdf a9\bf] e|i6rf/ lj?4 gful/s ;dfhsf k|efjzfnL cu'jfx?n] dfu u/]so] ljw]os g} hgnf]skfn xf] . gful/s ;dfhsf cu'jf cGgf xhf/] lyP . pgsf] jf:tljs gfd ls;g afk6 afa'/fj xhf/] xf] . ;g\ @)!!sf] e|i6rf/ lj/f]wL s8f ljw]os dfu ub}{ xhf/]n] !# lbg ;Dd cfd/0f cg;g a;[so lyP . ef/tsf b'j} ;bgn] xhf/s]f nf]skfn ljw]os ;Fu ;DjlGwt tLg ;"qLo dfu k|lt ;ª\sNk k|:tfj dfu u/]kl5 ;g\ @)!! cu:6 @*tf/]v cfOtjf/ /fdnLnf d}bfgdf pgn] cg;g tf]8]so lyP .

        xhf/]n] gful/s a8fkq tNnf] txsf] d{rf/LtGqnfO{ ;d]t e/kbf]{ ;+oGq;lxt nf]skfn cGt{ut NofOg'kg]{ h:tf dfu ub}{ cg;g yfn]so lP . k|d dgdf]xg l;+xn] cu:6 @& tfk/b xhf/]fnO{ ;+sNk k|tfj kfl/t u/]so] hfgsf/L ;lxt cg;g tf]8\g cfu|x ;lxtsf] kqn]v]so lyP . tLg ;o 306f nfdf] cg;g tf]8\g[ xhf/]so] 3f]if0ff kl5 ef/tLo hgtfsf] lht ePsf] eGb} pT;j dgfPsf lyP .

        cu:6 @& @)!!df ;+sNk k|:tfj kfl/t ePkl5 ca ef/tdf e|i6rf/lj/f]wL ph'/L k/]sf] Ps jif{ leq 5fgdLg eO;Sg' kg]{ u/L :jtGq / zlQm ;DkGg lgsfo agfOg]5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf k"j{Gof

       

cg'dflgt s;'/ eg]sf] s] xf] <

          e|i6rf/sf] s;'/ nfu]sf] s'g} /fi6«;]jssf] ;fydf lghsf kl/jf/sf] yfx eP;Ddsf] cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] cgkftdf gldNbf] cfly{s ;fwg jf ;DklQ ePsf] jf gldNbf] ul/ pRr hLjg:t/ agfOPsf] jf 7"nf] bfgbftJo as; lbPsf] km]nf k]df / lghn] ;f]sf] cfh{gsf] ;DaGwdf cbfnunfO{ ;Gtf]ifhgs x'g] ;a't k|df0f lbg g;s]df u}/sfg'gL ?kn] e|i6rf/ u/]sf] 7x¥ofO{ jf cg'dfg u/L x'g] sf/afxLnfO[ cg'dflgt s;'/ elgG5 .

eG;f/ b/jGbL eg]sf] s] xf] <

          s'g} klg b]zaf6 aflx/ lgsf;L x'g] / b]z leqLg] dfnj:t'df ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] b/cg';f/ nufOg] s/nfO{ eG;f/ b/ elgG5 . c+u|]hLdf Customs Tariff tf]lsPsf] b/ c;'n ul/g] /sdnfO{ eG;f/ c;'nL /sd jf eG;f/ /fh:j eGg] ul/G5 .

pkTossf k|tfk dNnn] lgdf{0f u/]sf :df/sx? af/] pN]nv ug'{xf]; .

          != xg'dfg 9f]sf @= /fgL kf]v/L #= e08f/vfn $= au}Frf %=sfne}/jsf] d"tL{ ^= u'x\o]Zj/L dlGb/ ^= a"9flgns07sf] gf/fo0f dGbL/ *= k|tfkk"/sf] dGbL/

8f]nfhL k|yf eg]sf] s] xf] <

          5f]/LnfO{ ljjfx u/L nf]Ug]s} 3/df k7fO{ nf]Ug]s} y/ sfod ug]{ k|rng  ;fdfGotof kfOG5 t/ dNnsfnLg pRr 3/gfdf 5f]/LnfO{ k7fpg'sf] ;6\6f HjfOFnfO{ g} 5f]/Lsf] 3/df /fVg] ;fy{} y/ uf]q ;d]t sGofs} wf/0f ug]{ rng lyof] To;nfO{ 8f]nLhL k|yf elgG5 .

 s:tf] cj:yfdf k|wfgdGqL cfkm\gf] kbjf6 d'Qm x'g ;S5 <

          b]xfosf] cj:yfdf k|wfgdGqL cfkm\gf] kbaf6 d'Qm x'g ;S5 M

s_ Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] ;efd'v ;dIf lnlvt /flhgfdf lbPdf

v_ k|wfgdGqLsf] lj?4 Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] ljZjf; 5}g egL k]; ePsf] k|:tfj tTsfn sfod /x]sf] b'O{ ltxfO{ jx'dt jf6 kfl/t ePdf

u_ lgh Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] ;b:o g/x]df jf lghsf] d[To' ePdf

nfnlkmtf zfxL eGgfn] s]] a'lemG5 <

          sd{rf/LtGqdf s'g} klg sfd s'/fsf] lg0f{o u/fpg' kbf{ ;dfGotof cg'dflgt ul/Psf] ;do cjlweGbf abL g} nfUg] x'bfF ;j{;fwf/0fx? k|foM lbSs / sfo{ k|s[ltdf c;Gtf]if JoQm ub{5g\ , lsgsL ToxfF lgod, sfg'gsf] kfjGbL k/Dk/fb]lv rlncfPsf] lg0fo{ z}nL, ljleGg txdf lg0fo{ k|lqmof cflbn] ubf{ sfddf l9nfO{ x'G5 . lgod tyf sfg'g dfq geO{ dflyfNnf] txsf] cf1f, cfb]z, lgb]{zg kv]{/ ljleGg :t/df lg0f{osf] kmfOn k'¥ofpg'kg]{ ePsf]n] l9nf;':tL x'g hfG5 . t;y{ l56f], 5l/tf] lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf ;d]t o:tf] tl/sfn] sfd ubf} l9nf] x'g] ub{5 , h;nfO{ cyjf To:tf] 3'dfp/f] k|lqmofnfO{ nfnlkmtf zfxL elgG5 .

g]kfndf slt txsf cbfntx? 5g\ <

        g]kfndf tLg txsf cbfntx? 5g\ M ;jf]{Rr, k'g/fj]bg, lhNnf cbfnt . oL tLg txsf cbfntafx]s vf; lsl;d / k|s[ltsf d'2f sf/afxL / lsgf/ ug{ sfg'gåf/f cGo cbfnt, Golos lgsfo jf Gofoflws/0f :yfkgf / u7g ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t{} e|i6rf/ lj?4 sf/afxL ug{ ljz]if cbfnt, /fh:j GofofwLs/0f cflb o;sf pbfx/0f x'g u/ vf; d'2fnfO{ lnP/ cbfnt Holos lgsfo jf GofowLs/0fsf] u7g ul/g] 5}g .

s'lx/f] s] nfO{ elgG5 <

        hf8f] lxpFbsf] ;dodf /ftdf w/ftn lgs} lr;f] x'G5 / To;sf] ;+;u{df cfpg] xfjf lr;f] eP/ To; xfjfdf ePsf] hnjfik cToGt ;fgf hnsf s0fx?df kl/0ft x'G5g\ .o;nfO{ s'lx/f] elgG5 . of] afSnf] nfu]df glhssf] 7fFpklg b]Vg d':sLn x'G5 .

gu/kfnLsfn] nufpg kfpg] s/ s] s] x'g\ <

        gu/kflnsfn] cfkm\gf] If]qleq lgDgfg'';f/ s/ nufpg kfpF5 .

s_ 3/w'/L -g]kfn ;/sf/n] nufpg] s/ afx]s _

v_ axfn s/

u_ Joj;of s/

3_ ;jf/L s/

ª_ ;jf/L ;fwg kfls{ª s/

r_ ;]jf z''Ns

;+;bLo ljz]ifflwsf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <

          ;+;bn] cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;/n tl/sfn] ;Dkfbg ug{ ljwflosL stJo{ kfngfdf s'g} afwf c8\rg gk/f]; eGgsf nflu k|fKt ;'ljwf / ljz]ifflwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt g} ;+;lbo ljz]ifflwsf/ xf] . o; ;+;bLo ljif]zflwsf/ leq ;+;b ;b:ox?nfO{ ;+;bleq k"0f{ jfs :jtGqtf x'g], ;bgdf af]lnPsf s'/fs]f nflu pQm/bfoL agfpg gldNg] ;f+;bnfO{ ;+;b rn]sf] avt lu/km\tf/ gul/g], ;+;bsf cfGtl/s s'/fx? lgoldt ug{ clwsf/ k|zf;g;DalGw clwsf/ kb{5g\ .

lgDg ejg tyf j:t'sf] l8hfOg/ sf] sf] x'g\ <

          x\jfO6 xfp; – h]D; xf]jfg, Okm]n 6fj/ – u:tfe PkmLn , a]lnlj|hljlnod– l8 j]n, s0ff{nL k'n– :6fog g]g, o'P;o. n'DjLgL u'? of]hgf – k|f] s]Ghf] 6fu], gf/fo0flx6L /fhbjf/ – aL kmf]g{ ,l;+x b/jf/ – s'df/ g/l;+x /f0ff

afof]ldS; k|ljlwaf/] n]Vg'xf];\ <

          Pp6} s]a'nsf] dfWodaf6 cl8of], lel9of] / 8f6f Ps} ;fy ;Dk|]if0f ug{ ;Sg] k|ljlwnfO{ afof]d]S; k|ljlw elgG5 . o; k|ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 g]6 kmf]g, g]6, 6]lnlehgsf /fli6«o, cGt/fli6«o Rofgnx?nuft cGo ;'ljwfx? k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ljZjdf o; k|sf/sf] k|ljlw k|of]u cTolws eO;s]sf] eP klg g]kfndf eg] cj o; k|ljlw leq\ofpgsf nflu ;/sf/L cg'dlt aNn ePsf] 5 .

sd{rf/LtGqsf ljz]iftfx? s] s] x'g n]Vg'xf];\ .

        DofS; j]j/ n] pNn]v u/] cg';f/ sd{rf/LtGqsf ljz]iftfx? o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M

s_ sd{rf/Lx? JolQmut ?kdf :jtGq x'G5g\ / ltgLx?sf] sfof{non] cj}olQms sfo{x? k"/f ub{5 g\ .

v_ sfof{nodf kb;f]kfg x'G5 .

u+_ sd{rf/Lsf] sfd k|i6 ls6fg ePsf] x'G5 .

3_ s/f/sf ;djGwsf cfwf/df sd{rf/L lgo'Qm x'G5 .

ª_ sd{rf/L j}olQms Jofj;fols of]Uotf tyf :jtGq hfFrsf dfWodaf6 cfpF5g\ .

r_ sd{rf/Lsf] tf]lsPsf] tnj, eQmf / k]G;g x'G5 .

5_ s{drf/Lsf] cfkm\gf] sfd ;lxtsf] kbtf]sLPsf] x'G5 .

h_ j[lQ :j?k / a9'jf sf] vfsf tf]lsPsf] x'G5 .

em_ sd{rf/L PsLs[t lgolGqt / cg'zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ljifo x'g] u5{

k[YjL ;Dd]ng sfjf/]df n]Vg'xf]; .

          Ps dfq k[YjLsf] :ofxf/ / pkof]u u/f}+ eGg] gf/fsf ;fy a|flhnsf] l/of] b h]g]l/of]df ;g\ !((@ h'g #–!$ ;Dd cfof]hgf ul/Psf] jftfj/0f ;Dd]ngnfO{ k[YjL ;dd]ng elgG5 . /fi6«;+3Lo jftfj/0f sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ePsf] of] ;Dd]ng jftfj/0f / lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu ?k/]vf tof/ u/]sf] lyof] . x:tL o'4 z'ef/Desf] ?kdf /x]sf] of] ;Dd]ngdf !&* /fi6«sf /fi6«fWoIf, ;/sf/ k|d'v, dGqLnufot pRr:t/L k|ltlwd08nsf #%)) k|ltlglw / &)) /fi6«;+l3o clwsf/Lx?sf] ;xefludf /x]sf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngdf cd]l/sfsf] lj/f]w x'bfFx'b}klg !%@ /fi6«x?åf/f ljZjdf b'n{e x'b} uPsf lj?jf / hLjhGt'sf] ;+/If0f;DalGw h}ljs ljljwtf ;lGwsf] ;fy} sfa{g 8fOcS;O[{8 sf] kl/0fd sd ub}{ hfg] xl/t u[x k|efj ;lGw df x:tfIf/ ePsf] lyof] . k[YjL ;dd]ngsf] lgDg rf/ ljifox? kfl/t u/]sf] lyof] . tL x'g\ M Bio Diversity, Agenda 21, Climate change, Forest Principle

ltnf}/fsf]6sf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro lbg'xf]; .

        xfnsf] slknj:t' lhNnfdf /x]sf] ltnf]}/fsf]6nfO{ k|flrg slkj:t' klg elgG5 . slknj:t' lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd tf}lnxjfaf6 b'O} lsdL pQ/df dg]{ ltnf}/fsf]6df zfSox?sf] k|flrg /fhwfgL /x]sf] lyof] . pQ/ blIf0f !&)) kmL6 nfdf] / k"j{ klZrd !#)) kmL6 rf}8fO{ ePsf] ltnf}/fsf]6 /fhf z'4f]bgsf] b/jf/ /x]sf] lyof] .h;nfO{ eujfg uf}td a'4n] Tofu u/]/ a'4Tj k|flKtsf nflu lxF8]sf lyP . o; Ifqsf] pTvggaf6 tfd| d'b|fx?, df}o{ sfnsf l;Ssfx?, tTsfnLg xftxltof/ tyf b/jf/sf eUgf;z]ifx?, hgfj/sf] k|ltdfx?, dfnf tyf cflb k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf ;fdfgx? k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . of] 7fFp P]ltxfl;s tyf k'/ftflTjs b'j} b[li6df Hofb} dxTjk"0f{  5 .

d]l;g l/8]jn kf;kf]6{ eg]sf] s]xf] <

           cGt/fli6«o If]qdf k|rlnt Pj+ s"6gLts ?kdf :jLs[t k|fKt /fxbfgL Pdcf/kL xf] . o;sf] k|rng ljsl;t b]zx?n] ljleGg ldltdf klxn] g} k|rngdf NoPsf] eP klg g]kfnn] ;g\ @)!) sf] cGTodf dfq o;sf] k|of]u ;'? u/]sf] xf] . o; k|sfsf] /fxbfgLdf cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf ;d]t dfGotf k|fKt ug]{ p2]Zon] OG6/g]zgn l;lwn PleP;g cu{gfOh];gaf6 dfGotf kfP adf]lhd o;sf] k|of]u ug{ yflnPsf] xf] . o; k"j{ x:tlnlvt /fxbfgL k|of]u ul/Psf]df cGt/f{li6«o :t/df dfGotf k|fKt d]l;gåf/f cEoog u/L gful/ssf] jf:tljstf ;xL klxrfg ug{ ;lhnf] xf];\ egL o;sf] k|of]u ug{ hf]8 lbOPsf] xf] . xfn g]kfndf sf7df8f}+sf] s]Gb|af6 k|bfg ug]{ u/L cGo s]xL lhNnfaf6 klg /fxbfgL kmf/d eg]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfndf xfn /x]sf ljZjljBfno / ltgsf] :yfkgf ldlt n]v

lqe'jg M lstL{k'/, lj;+ @)!^ . g]kfn ;+:s[t M bfª, lj;+ @)#$. sf7df8f}+ M w'nLv]n, lj;+ @)$* . k"jf{~rn M lj/f6gu/, @)%) . kf]v/f M n]vgfy, v'bLF @)%% . n'DjLgL af}4 M n'DjLgL , @)^!

lgs'~h / gful/s sfo{qmd eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <

          jGohGt' lgs'~h tyf cr/If If]q jl/kl/ jf 5]p5fpdf a;f]jf; ug]{ ls;fgx?sf] afnLgfnL jGohGt'n] vfOlbg] , dflg; / kz' dfl/lbg] jf 3fOt] agfOlbg] x'Fbf lgs'~h, cf/If tyf To; If]qqdf a;f]jf; ug]{ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;DjGw ;'dw'/ agfpg ;g\ !(($ b]vL ljZj jGohGt' sf]ifsf] ;d]t ;xof]udf lgs'~h / gful/s sfo{qmd nfu' u/]sf] xf] . of] sfo{qmd cg';f/ /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf cf/IfnfO{ k|fKt cfo dWo] #% b]lv %) k|ltzt ;Dd :yfgLo ;|f]tjf6 hgtfsf] ;fd'bflos ljsf;df vr{ ul/g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . clxn] ;Dd of] sfo{qmd lrtjg, jlb{of sf]zL6Kk', k;f{ z'SnfkmfF6f / /f/fdf ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 .

bf]xf]/f] lgz]lwsf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <

           ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efdf s'g} dxTjk"0f{ ljifodf 5nkmn ePsf] j]nf ;'/Iff kl/ifbsf s'g} :yfoL /fi6«nfO{ lrQ gj'em]df ;f] ljifo pk/ s'g} c;dxlt k|s6 ug'{ g} eL6f] xf] .o;/L ;'/Iff kl/ifbsf kfFr :yfoL ;b:ox?dWo[ s'g} Ps dfq /fi6«n] Veto k|of]u u/]df ;f] k|:tfj kfl/t x'g ;Sb}g . o;/L s'g} ljifodf 5nkmn ug'{ cl3 ;f] ljifodf dxTjk"0f{ xf], xf]Og eGg] olsg ug]{, ;? ;jfnd} :yfoL ;b:o dWo] s'g} ;b:odWo] s'g} /fi6«n] eL6f] sf] k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ . ;fy} dxTk"0f{ ljifo xf] eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f eO{ 5nkmnsf] k|lqmofdf cfO;s]kl5 klg eL6f] k|of]u x'g ;Sb5 . o;/L Pp6} ljifodf b'O{ k6s lgif]lwsf/ k|of]u ePdf To;nfO{ bf]xf]/f] lgif]lwsf/ eglG5 . :k/0f /xf];, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3df  8jn eL6f] k|of]u ug]{ /fi6« ?; xf] eg] ;j}eGbf klxn] eL6f] k|of]u ug]{ /f06« j]nfot xf] .

j}1flgs Joj:yfkg l;4fGtaf/] rrf{ ug{'xf]; .

          j}1flgs Joj:yfkg l;4fGtsf k|0f]tf F.W. Taylor nfO{ dflgG5 . oL cd]l/sL Joj:yfkgljb\n] ljleGg lsl;dsf k|of]u ub}{ ;g\ !(!! df The Principles of Scientific Management ljifos k':ts k|sflzt u/]sf lyP . pgsf cg';/ management is a true science, resting upon clearly fixed laws, rules and principles, as a foundation j}1flgs Joj:yfkg l;4fGtsf] d"n Wo]o g} pRr cf}Bf]lus Joj:yfdgsf l;4fGtsf] sfo}s'zntf k|fKt ug'{ xf] . vIftf / pTkfbg a9fpg /fd|f] kl/>lds / cfly{s ;'ljwf rflxG5 . o; l;4fGtsf cg';f/ a}1flgs sfo{ k4ltsf] ljsf; ug'{ sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf}6 / qmlds ljsf; ug'{, sfd / sd{rf/Lljrdf cfa4tf sfod u/fpg' / rule of thub geO{ sfdsf] j}1flgs ljefhg, afF8kmf8 / lhDd]jf/L tf]Sg' kg]{ s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbg] u/]sf] 5 . o;n] time and motion study sf ;fy} sfd ug]{ j}1flgs ul/sfsf] vf]hL ub{5 . o;n] Joj:yfks / sfdbf/aLr d}qLk"0f{ ;dGjo vf]H5 .

o'y]g]l;of eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <

          o'y]g]l;of eGgfn] :jd[To' cyjf :j]R5fn] ;/n tl/sfaf6 dg'{nfO{ hgfpF5 . lu|s zAb o'y]g]l;ofs]f zflAbs cy{ /fd|f] d[To' xf] , o;nfO{ d;L{ lsnLª elgG5 . c;fWo tyf si6k|b /f]u nfu]sf /f]uL tyf pkrf/ x'g g;Sg] /f]u nfu]sf la/fdLnfO{ pgLx?sf] cfkm\g} OR5fcg''';f/ dg{ lbg] clwsf/ o'y]g]l;ofsf] ;DjGwdf ljjfb aGb} cfPsf] 5 . s;}n] of] s'/fnfO{ df}lns xs ;Fu hf]8\b} cfPsf 5g\ eg] s;}n] of] ug{ x'b}g eg]sf 5g\ .

of]Uotf k|0fnL eg]sf] s] xf] <

          lghfdtL ;]jfsf] s'g} klg sd{rf/L lgo'[Qm ubf{ lglZrt of]Uotf k'u]sf JolQmx?aLr ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df :jtGq / lgikIf tl/sfn] k|lt:kwf{ u/of{ of]Uo / ;kmn JolQm nfO{ lgo'lQm lbg] sfdnfO} of]Uotf k|0ffnL elgG5 . of] k|0ffnL jf:tjdf n'6 k|0ffnLsf] ljsNkdf NofOPsf] xf] . of] k|0ffnLsf] k|f/De cd]l/sfdf ;g\ !**#df k]8N6g PS6sf] ;'emfj adf]lgd k|f/De ePsf] xf] . xfn ljZjsf k|foM ;a} d'n'ssf ;/sf/L ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx? o;} k|0ffnL cg';f/ lgo'lQm ul/G5. g]kfndf @))*df nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] :yfkgf ePkl5 o;} k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df sd{rf/Lx? lgo'lQm ul/b}F cfPsf] 5 .

lxjfs'zf cfGbf]ng af/]df atfpg'xf]; .

          ;g\ !($% df lx/f]l;df / gfuf;fsLdf ul/Psf] cf0fljs ad k|xf/af6 ;Vt 3fOt] dfq geO{ ljljw /f]u / ckfª\ukg af6 d[tt'No x'g k'u]sf /f]uLx?nfO{ hfkgdf lxjfs'zf elgG5 . hfkfg ;/sf/ cfkm'n] k|df0f kq k|fKt gug]{ x?nfO{ dfgjtfjfbL ;+:yfx?n] x]/rfx ug]{ u5{g . hfkfgdf clxn] of] lxjfs'zf cfGbf

ngsf ?kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 .

shf{ eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <

          /sd k|jfx ug]{ k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf k|Tofe"lt / To;sf] abnfdf nufgL u/]sf] /sd c;'nL ug]{ clwsf/ tyf To:tf shf{sf] Aofh tyf cGo b:t'/sf] r'Qmf, shf{ jf hf/L ul/Psf] hdfgL tyf sgf{ r'Qmfsf] nflu ul/Psf] cGo jrga4tf / ;f] zAbn] s'g} klg lsl;dsf] C[0f ;d]tnfO{ shf{ elgG5 .

k|tLkq eg]sf] s] xf] <

          Ps a}ª\s jf ljQLo ;+:yfn] s'g} csf]{ a}ª\s jf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] gfdf s'g} JolQmsf] lglZrt /sdn] vfd]:ddsf] r]s, 8«km\6, x'G8f] jf ljlgodkq :jLsf/ ug'{ egL n]lvPsf] kqnfO{ k|tLt kq elgG5 .

uf}l/z+s/ lxdfn af/] ;+lIfKtdf n]Vg'xf]; .

          bf]nvf lhNnfsf] ;j}eGbf cUnf] /f]Njflnª lxdz[ª\vnfdf kg]{ uf}l/z+s/ lxdfn &,!$^ ld6/ cUnf] 5 . gfdaf6} k|i6 x'G5sL o; lxdIf]q lzj / kfj{tLsf] lqm8f:yn xf . wfld{s ljZjf; / ko{tsLo b[li6sf]0fn] dxTjk"0f{ uf}/Lz+s/ lxdfn a]lbª uflj;df kb{5 . o; z[+vnfdf z]kf{, tfdfª a:tL kfOG5 . oxL lxdfnnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL g]kfnsf] k|df0fjLs ;do lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] xf] .

ECO-Himal sf] jf/]df n]Vg'xf]; .

          lxGbs'z If]qsf /fHox?df a9L k|efjsf/L x'g] u/L pmhf{, u|fld0f ljsf;, lbuf] ko{6g, ;Ff:s[lts ljsf;, ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f h:tf ;fdflgs, cfly{s, kof{j/0fLo If]qdf dxTj /fVg] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfg} ECO-Himal xf] .o;n] kof{j/0fLo ;+:yfsf] ?kdf ljz]if :yfg kfPsf] 5 . o;sf] k|wfg sfof{no o'/f]k]nL k'n's cl:6«ofdf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf kof{j/0fLo ;+/If0f ug{ kmf]xf]/df df]xf]/ x'G5 eGg] gf/f cufl8 ;f/L sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

lxdgbL eg]sf] s] xf] <

          lxdfnL kxf8x?jf6 k|z:t lxpF kb{5 . o;/L k/]sf] lxpF y'lk|P/ txtx ylkb}F hfFbf dflyNnf] txsf] rfkn] ubf{ tnlt/sf] lxpF lylrP/ le/fnf] af6 tnlt/ aUg yfNb5 . o:tf] lxpFsf] k|jfxnfO{ lxdgbL elgG5 . o:tf lxdgbLdWo] dxfn+u'/ lxdfnsf] v'Da' lxdgbL ;j}eGbf nfdf] / nfª\6fª lxdgbL ;a}eGbf 7"nf dflgG5 .

:sjL{ af/] n]Vg'xf]; .

          :sjL{ le6fldg ;Lsf] sdLaf6 x'g] tYo ;a}nfO{ yfxf ePsf] xf] . le6fldg ;L cyf{t P:slj{s Pl;8sf] sdLn] z/L/ sdhf]/ x'g], vfFt xlNn]g], hf]gL{x? ;'lGgg] cflb x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf /Qm cNktf klg x'g';S5 . t/ ^ dlxgf;Dd le6fldg ;L gkfPsf] v08df dffq of] /f]usf] nIf0f b]vf kb{5 . cdnf, ;'Gtnf / sfutLdf w]/} le6fldg ;L kfOG5 .

         

e'jf s:tf] kj{ xf] <

          afh'/f, ahfª, vfr'{nf, s'dfp u8jfn nufotsf If]qsf efld{s Pj+ ;fF:s[lts kj{ e'jf x/]s jif{ k'; dlxgfdf dgfOG5 . dxfef/tsf] o'4sfnb]lv of] kj{ cf/De ePsf] ljZjf; ul/G5 . Tof] j]nf ePsf] wd{o'4df kf08jsf] ljhoL ePkl5 v'l;ofnL :j?k ljho ofqfsf ?kdf of] kj{ dgfOg] k|rng /x]sf] ls+jbGtL 5 . of] kj{sf] d'Vo cfs{if0f kIf e'jf gfr xf] . xftdf t/af/ / 9fn lnO{ ;fd"lxs ?kdf afhfufhf;lxt v]lng] of] gfrsf ;xefuLx? of] kj{ dgfpg] qmddf 3/ 3/df uO{ ef]:sf] ;d]t v]Ng];d]t v]Ng] u5{g . ef]:sf] v]nsf] dfWodaf6 ;dfhsf ljs[lt lj;+ultsf] cGTo eO{ ;dfgtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0f x'g] ljZjf; ul/G5 . of] kj{ dgfPsf] :yfg jf v]tdf csf]{ jif{ cGg pTkfbg a9\g] hgljZjf; 5 . e'jf v]Ng] :yfgdf b]jLnfO{ k"hfcfhf uy/L aln;d]t r9fO;s]kl5 e'jf kj{sf] lj;h{g ul/G5 .

Parole eg]sf] s] xf] <

          t]lsPsf] clwstd s}b cjlweGbf cufltf]lsPsf] ;t{df s'g} JolQmnfO{ 5'6sf/f lbg' Parole xf] .o;cg[';f/ 5'6sf/f lbOPsf] s}bL lgwf{/0f ;doleq y'gfp If]q df kms{G5 eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . Kof/]nL cjlwe/ s}bLn] ljj]sk"0f{ Jofjxf/ ug'{u5{ . / sfg'gL dfGotfdf /xg'k5{ . aLrdf lg/LIf0f x'g ;sf]; eGg] clek|fon[ p;n] k|foM lgoldt ?kdf cfkm\gf] af/]df ;/sf/nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ .

cfO{cf/;L6L s:tf] ;+:yf xf] <

of] oftgfkLl8tsf nflu cG/f{li6«o k'g:yf{kgf kl/ifb xf] . ;g\ !(*& df :yfkgf ePsf] IRCT sf] k"/f ?k OG6/g]zgn l/xfljln6]zg sfplGifn km/ 6r{/ leS6Ld xf] . pQm kl/ifsf] ;+:yfkssf ?kdf 8f= O+u h]g]Skm] nfO{ lrlgG5 . o;sf] d'Vofno 8]gdfs{sf] /fhwfgL sf]kgx]ugdf /x]sf] 5 .o;sf ljZje/ b'O{ ;o krf; zfvf 5g\ . o; ;+:yfn] oftgf kLl8tsf kIfdf Gofo lbnfpg] / pgLx?sf] k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ sfd u5{ . o;n] ljleGg ;+:yffFu ldn]/ sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

3f]8fe]8f k|yf eg]sf] s] xf] <

s0ff{nL c~rnsf] d'u'' lhNndf :yfgLo hgtfdf ePsf] n]gb]g, hf/L s'6kL6, c+zj08f cflb emu8f jf lvrnf] ePdf :yfgLo eb| enfb\dL 7fn'x?n] b'j} kIfnfO{ ldnfO{ emu8f ldnfpF5g\ . o;/l emu8f ldn]k5L dWo:ystf{nfO{ e]F8f sf6]/ v'jfpg'kg]{ / 3/ kms{Fbf 3f]8f r9fP/ k7fpgkg]{ rngnfO{ 3f]8fe]F8f k|yf elgG5 . of] k|yfn] ljjfbsf] :yfgLo:t/d} ;d:of ;dfwfg eP klg e]F8f v'jfpg}kg]{, 3f]8f r9fP/ k7fpg'kg]{ rngn] ul/a d'ufnL hgtfsf] zf]if0f ePsf] kfOG5 .

/fli6«o dlxnf cfof]usf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf;\ .

          dlxnfx?nfO{ b]z ljsf;sf] d"n k|jfxdf ;lqmo u/fpg] p2]Zon] @)%* ;fn kmu'g @$ ut] /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]usf] u7g ul/Psf] xf] . (@cf}F dlxnf lbj;sf] cj;/ kf/]/  8f= b'uf{ kf]v/]n cWoIf /x]sf] cfof]usf] ;/sf/n] u7g u/]sf] lyof] . cfof]usf] d'Vo sfd dlcnf xslxt, dfgjflwsf/, n}lËs ;dfgtf, dlxnf xslxt;DjlGw b]zn] u/]sf] ;lGw ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;'emfj lb]. dlxnf clwsf/sf] k|rng, ;Da4g / ;+/If0fdf ljZjJofkL dfGotfcg'?k sfd eP gePsf] cg'udg ug]{ / ;'emj lbg] /x]sf] 5

g]kfnsf] k|yd 6]:6'6o'a j]jLsf] jf/]df atfpg'xf]; .

          sf7df8f}Fsf] rfjlxnl:yt cf]d c:ktfn P08 l/;r{ ;]G6/df :yflkt 6]:6\6o'j –OSo'e]6/ kml6{nfOh]zg d]yf]8_ s]Gb+|df @)^! ;fn kmfu'g @)df klxnf] 6]:6\6o'j j]jL hGd ePs]f xf] . ef]hk'/sf ;GWof tfdfª / /fh]Gb| tdfª g]kfnsf k|yd 6]:6\6o'j j]jLnfO{ hGd lbg] cfdfafa' eP . k|of]uzfnfdf l8Da / z'qmls6nfO{ lgz]rg u/L dlxnfsf] urf{zodf /fVg] k|lqmofaf6 hGdg] lzz'nfO{ 6]:6\o'j j]jL elgG5 . vf; u/L of] k|ljlwdf dlxnf / k'?if z/L/af6 l8Dj / z'qmls6 lgsfn]/ 6]:6\o'jdf uef{wfg u/fO} $* 3)6f kl5 To;nfO{ klxnfsf] uef{;odf /fvL x'sf{pg] ul/G5 . of] k|ljlwaf6 aRff hGdfpg] lgM;Gtfg bDktLnfO{ sl/a b'O{ nfv b]vL b'O{nfv krf; xhf/ vr{ nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . lrlsT;f hutdf sl7g k|ljlw-cfO{eLO_ klxnf] k6s  @)^! c;f/ @^ df cf]d c:ktfn tyf l/;r{ ;]G6/n] leqfPsf] lyof] . a]nfotsf lrlsT;såo 8f= /j6{ P8j8{ tyf 8f= Kofl6«s :6]6f] sf] k|oTgaf6 ljZfsf] klxnf] 6]:6\o'j j]jL n'O; a|fpgsf] hGd ;g\ !(&* h'nfO{ @% df ePsf] lyof] .

g]kfnsf] j}b]zLs Jofkf/sf] ljz]iftfx? n]v .

          g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf ljz]iftfx? lgDg k|sf/sf /x]sf 5g\ M

          s_ ef/t;Fusf] lge{/tf cTolws

          v_ cfoftsf] cflwSotf

          u_ Jofkf/ 3f6fsf] k/Dk/fut k|j[lQ

          3_ l;ldt Jofkf/

          ª_ ;fgf] lgof{t cfwf/

kfMnd eg]sf] s]xf] <

          lnDa' hfltsf ljleGg rf8kj{, ljjfx, j|tjGwh:tf z'esfo{df clgjfo{ gflrg] wfggfr g} kfMnd xf] . lnDj' lszf]/ lszf]/L Pscsf{sf] xft ;dfP/ uf]nf] 3]/f jf nfda4 tl/sfn] v'§f ;fb}{ noa4 efsfdf uLt ufpF5g\ . o;}nfO{ kfMnd elgG5a . o;df uLt / g[Tosf] ldlMft :j?k x'G5 . lnDj" hfltdf cfwfeGbf a9L ljjfx d]nfkfndf kfMnd ufP/} x'G5g\ . c?0f gbL k"j{sf !! kxf8L lhNndf sl/a ;ft nfv lnDa"sf] a;f]jf; 5 .

          o;sf] pTklQ / lsDjbGtL jf/]df cg]s cfVofg 5g\ . Ps lsDjbGtL cg';f/ ;f]/f]Skf gfsf lnDj"n] t?0f / uGg]/LnfO{ # sbddf gfFRb} k/fnaf6 wfg emg]{ ul/sf l;sfP . o;}u/L csf]{P lsDjbGtL cg'';f/ hª\unL o'u k/ u/]/ dflg;n[ sGbd"n, kmkm'n vf]h]/ vfg yfn] . To;/L hLjg wfGg sl7g eO/x]sf] a]nf km]No]/ km]Nk'gf gfdsf] r/fn] 3}ofsf] aLp NofP/ lbof] . 3}ofsf] v]tL l;s] . 3}of kfs]kl5 r/fn] afnL vfP klg wkfpg] zt{ /flvPsf] lyof] . pgLx?n] 3}of sf6]/ vnfdf /fv] / dflg; e]nf eP/ xftn] ;dfpFb} v'§fn] cGg emfg{ yfn] . o;/L cGg emfbf{ …xf–xf–xfÚ noa4 cfjfh lgsfn], h;sf] ;f+u]lts Wflgsf] k|efjn] r/fx? efu] . o;/L r/f eufpg ul/sf] pkfo g} kfMnd eof] . r/f;DjGwL kl5Nnf] lsDjbGtL a9L ;To h:tf] nfU5 .

e|i6frf/ lj?4 gLlt ty /0fgLltsf af/]df n]Vg'xf]; .

        k|To]s sfof{non] u'g{kg]{ sf / Tof] sfd ug]{ clwsf/L;d]t v'nfO{ gful/s a8fkq hf/L ug]{, ph'/L ;'Gg] ty ;/sf/L sfof{non] ;do ;dodf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ nufotsf sfo{x? ;d]6L !# a'b]F sfo{of]hgf uof/ ul/Psf] lyof] .

          pQm e|i6frf/lj?4 gLt tyf /0fgLltsf] sfo{of]hgf g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)%(  ;fpgaf6 nfu" u/L sfof{Gjfogdf NofPsf] xf] . ;fj{hlgs;]jf k|bfg ug]{, ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt tyf ldtJooL agfpg], ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ hgd'vL / pQvfoL agfpg], dlGqkl/ifbsf ;b:o t ;Nnxsf/x?n] kfngf ug'{dg]{ cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f tyf e{i6rf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu ;/sf/L lgsfosf[ ;+:yfut Ifdtf ;'b[9 ug]{ nufotsf ljifo pQmsfo{of]hgf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . o;}u/L a}xÍtyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;'b[9 u//L logsf] sfd sf/afxLnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg]. e"ld k}zf;g;DalGw sfo{df x'g] e|i6rf/nfO{ lg?T;flxt g'Nofpg] yf u}/;/sf/L ;ª\3, ;+:yfx?sf] sfd sf/afxL Jojl:yt pj+ kf/bzL{, hjfkmb]xL agfpg]nufotsf ljifo pQm sfo{of]hgfdf 5g\ .

g]kfndf a8{km\n' ;Defjgf s] 5 < atfpg'xf]; .

          ;/sf/n] g]kfnfnO{ a8{km\n'd'Qm /fi6« 3f]if0ff u/]sf] kfFr dlxgf glaTb} pkTosfd} a8{km\n'' -Prcf]g Pgcf]g_ e]l6Psf] 5 . eQmk'/ / sf7df8f}F sf] l;dfgf kg]{ h8La'6L If]qdf ;'Daf;L j:tLsf 3/kfn'jf s'v'/fdf a8{km\n' e]l6Psf] s[lif ljefu pRr ;|f]t] k'li6 u/]sf] xf] . 3/df kflnPsf clwsf+z s'v'/f Ps}k6s d/]kl5 :yfgLo lhNnf kz' sfof{no eQmk'/nfO{ va/ u/]sflyP . nuQ d/]sf s'v'/fsf] gd'gf ;+sng u/L 6]s'l:yt k|of]zfnfdf k/LIf0f tbf{ Pr–% kQf nfu]sf] xf] .

          o; cl3 emkfnufot s]xL 7fFpd a8{km\n' e]]l6Pklg sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf klxnf]k6s xf] . ;/sf/n] ut c;f/ @( ut] -!)^* ;fn_ g]kfnnfO{ a8{km\n' d'Qm 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] . a8{km\n' /f]u lgoGq0f cfb]z @)^$ cg';f/ hLjf0f' b]lvPsf] !) lsdL j/k/sf] If]qsf] Pl/ofnfO{ ;ª\s6u|:t 3f]if0f ul/G5 . To:tf] If]qsf] tL lsdL kl/lwdf /x]sf s'v'/f, xfF; nufPtsf kIfL / tLgsf c08f j+ vfgf @)^* dª\l;/ !# ut] gi6 ul/of] . s'v'/f dfg{dsf nfuL …¥oflk8 /]:kf]G; l6dÚ tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] .

          g]kfndf klxnf]k6s ;\ @))( df a8{km\h' e]l6Pkl5 !) xhf/eGbf s'v'/f tyf xfF; dfl/Psf lyP . To;kl5 clwsfFz Sjf/]G6fOgdf alnof] kl/If0f ;+oGq agfPsf] eGb} ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?n] ;xh} g]kfndf a8{km\h' leqg g;Sg] bfaL u/]sf lyP . a8{km\n' sf/0f dl/Psf s'v'/f wgLnfO{ /fHon] Ifltk"lt{ lbg] Joj:yf 5 . kz';]jf ljefusf] Ps tYofª\s cg';f/ g]kfndf b'O{ s/f]8 #)nfv s'v'/f tyf rf/ nfveGbf a9L xfF; 5g\ .

g]kfndf x/]s laqmL df;'sf nflu tLg s/]f8 @) nfv AjfOn/ s'v'/f lalqm–ljt/0f x'G5 , o;}u/L c08f kfg]{ n]o;{ s'v'/fsf] ;+Vof #@ nfveGbf a9L 5 . g]kfndf of] Jof;fon] sl/a Ps nfv dflg;fnfO{ /f]huf/L lbPsf] 5 . eg] g]kfn kf]N6«L kmfd{x?n] !^ cj{ ?lkofF a/fa/sf] sf/f]af/ u5{g .

a{8km\n' PlePg OGkm\n'oGhf s:tf] /f]u xf] / of] /f]u s;/L ;5{ <

          a8{km\n' PlePg OGkm\n'oGhf 6fOk P cyf{t Pr%Pg! gds ;'Id efO/;sf sf/0f nfUg] k|0f3fts /f]u xf] . of] kIfL?3f xf] . o; k|sf/sf efO/;n] clt l5§} cfkm\gf] j+zf0f'ut :j?kdf kl/jt{g ug{;Sg] Ifdtf af]s]sf] x'G5 . o; qmddf z/L/sf sf]if;Fu ;dfof]hg eP/ gofF lsl;dsf xflgsf/s hLjf0f' hGdG5 . h'g kz'af6 dflg;df ;5{ .

          a8{km\n' ;ª\qmldt kIfLx?sf] k|ToIf ;Dks{df cfpFbf of] efO/; :j:y JolQmsf] z/L/df k|j]z u5{ . ;ª\qmldt r/f] bz lbg;Dd /f]u ;fg{ ;Sg] x'bfF r/fx? df/]/ ;'/lIft 9ª\un] ufl8G5 . /f]uL r/fsf] df;'. c08f, ;'nLnufot aflx/ lg:sg] kbfy{af6 /f]u ;5{ . a;fOF ;g]{ r/fsf] z/L/df a8{km\n' efO/; Pp6f dflg;af6 csf]{df ;/]sf] tYo xfn;Dd e]l6Psf] 5}g .

u'7L hUuf eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <

        k/Dk/fut rf8kj{ dgfpg], bjLb]jtfsf] k"hf ug{ / s'g} k/f]ksf/L sfo{sf] ;~rfngsf nflu ;/sf/ jf bftfx?n] cfosf] ;|f]t lglZrt ug{sf nflu s'g} hUug k/ ;fb{y] / Uof] hUufsf] ;fd"lxs /]vb]vaf6 To:tf sfddf br{ ul/G5 . To;/L ;j{hlgs sfddf vr{ ug{ cfo x'g] hUufnfO{ u'7L elgG5 .

Zero deficit Budget eg[sf] s] xf] <

        ah]6 k|:t't ubf{ olt cfDbfgL lgDg ;|f]taf6 x'G5 elgPsf] x'G5 . t/ ;|f]tljgfsf] vr{ 3f6f ah]6 xf

 . olb s'g} cj:yfdf v{ ug]{ 7fpFg} olsg ul/Pg eg] ;|f]t x'g' h?/L ePg . Tof] cj:yf z"Go 3f6f ah]6 -Zero deficite Budget_ xf] jf hlt cfDbfgL x'G5 ToxL cg';f/ vr{ b]vfpg[ z"Go 3f6f ah]6 xf] .

c/lgsf]nfO{ /fli6«o lje"ltsf] ?kdf lrlgG5, lsg <

          g]kfnsf !%cf}F /fli6«o lje"ltdWo] c/lgsf] klg Ps x'g\ . logL lj=;+; !#!) df ho eLdb]jsf] kfnfdf *) hgf g]kfnL snfsf/ ;lxt rLg uPsf lyP . pgn] rLgdf Kofuf]8f z}nLdf kfOtf:t]sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . pgsf] cb\e"t snfsf] k|z+;f ub}{ ToxfF …SjfgNo"Ú / …gf;o'Ú pkfwL lbOPsf] lyof] . logn] g]kfnL snfnfO{ ljZjdf km}nfPsf] x'Fbf pgnfO} /fli6«o lje"ltsf] ?kdf lnOPsf] xf] . lj=;+= !##^ df logsf] d[To' eof] . lognfO{ anafx' klg elgG5 .

;+;f/s} dxª\uf a|fG8 s'g s'g x'g\ <M

          rf/ jif{b]lv klxnf] gDa/df /xFb} cfPsf] u'unnfO{ x6fP/ ;g\ @)!! df PKkn ;+;f/s} dxª\uf] a|fG8 ag]sf] 5 . a|fG8 Ph]G;L ldnjf8{ a|fpgn] u/]sf] ;j]{If0fdf PKknsf] a|fG8 d"No !vj{ %# cj{ 8n/ sfod ePsf] 5 . of] cl3Nnf] jif{s]f t'ngfdf *$ k|ltzt xf] . ;j]{If0f cg'';f/ dxFuf a|fG8df !) dWo] gjf}F :yfdf /x]sf] rfOgf df]afOnafx]s ;a} cd]l/sL sDkgL 5g\ . u'un, cfO{aLPd, Dofs8f]gfN8, dfOqm;km\6n] PKknnfO{ k5\ofPsf 5g\ . u'un a|fG8 d"No cl3Nnf] jif{sf] t'ngfdf @ k|ltzt 36]/ ! vj{ !! cj{ 8n/ sfod ePsf] 5 . cOkmf]g / cfO{Ko8sf] nf]slk|otfn[ PKknsf] laqmL, gfkmf / a|fG8 d"No a9]sf] ljZn]ifs atfpF5g\ . … cTofw'lgs k|ljlwsf pkef]Qf d'vL ;fdfu|L ;:tf] d"Nodf pknAw u/fpg ;Sg' g} PKknsf] ;kmntf eGg] ldnjf8{ a|fpgsf lgb]{zs lk6/ afN;] eGb5g\ .

          v; dxFuf a|fG8dWo] ^ ;'rgf k|ljlw / ;~rf/;Fu ;DjlGwt  5g\ . of] ;"rgfdf /s]sf] ;o sDkgL !( dfq} pbLodfg d'n'saf6 cfPsf 5g\ , cl3Nn] jif{ tL d'n'sx? !# sDkgL k|j]z kfPsf lyP .

dfgb]jnfO{ lsg k|dfl0ft /fgf elgG5 <

          dfgb]j lnR5ljsfnsf /fgf x'g\ . logn g]kfndf lj=;+= %@! b]vL %^@ ;Dd $! jif{ zf;g u/]sf lyP . dfgb]j /fHo k"j{df sf];L / klZrddf u08sL;Dd km}ltPsf] lyof] . pgn cfkm\g] zf;gsfndf …efju[xÚ gds b/af/ agfPsf lyP . dfgb]jsf] zf;gsfnb]lv dfq P]ltxfl;s k|df0f / lznfn]vx? kfO{sf] x'gn] / :ki6;F zf;g cjlw ls6fg ePsfn] dfgb]jnfO} k|rd P]ltxfl;s k|dfl0fs /fhf elgG5 .

lnR5Lsfnsf] zf;g Joj:yf s:tf] lyfof] <

          lnR5jL sfnsf] zf;g Joj:yf /fhtGqfTds lyof] . /fhfkl5sf] bf];|f] :yfg o'j/fhssf] x'GYof] .

o'j/fhnfO{ klg s]xL clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . dlGqsf] sfo{ /fhfnfO{ uf]Ko ;Nnfx lbg'x'GYof] . zf;g ;~rfngfs] nflu b]znfO{ ljleGg k|zf;lgs PsfOdf ljeflht ul/Psf] lyof] . h:tf] M

          s_ u|fd M 7"nf ljsl;t a:tLnfO{ u|fd elgGYof] . of] k|zf;gsf] ;a}eGbf tNnf] PsfO lyof] . o;sf] k|d'v /xGy] . v_ b|ª M Jofkfl/s a:tLnfO{ b|+ª elgGYof] . u_ ljifo M lhNnf :t/Lo k|zf;lgs PsfOnfO{ ljifo elgGYof] . 3_ tn M ljsl;t u|fd a:tLnfO{ tn dflgYof] .

of;f{u'Djf eg]sf] s] xf] <

ofrf{'Daf eg]sf] ltAatL h8La'6L sf] gfd xf] . ltAatL efiffdf ofrf{ eg]sf] jif]{3fF;  / u'Daf eg]sf] lxpFb] sL/f xf] . lxpFb] sL/f hldgleq dfq /xg] / jiff{ofddf log} sL/fsf] d'v af6Ps k|sf/sf] Rofph:tf] g/d 3fF; pd|G5 . of] pd|g] 3fF;nfO{ ofrf{u'Daf elgG5 . cª\u|]hLdf Tiger moth elgg] ofrf{u'Dafsf] eGg] jg:kltsf] kl/jf/df kb{5 . of] hLljt k|0fLsf] d'vaf6 pd|g] x'Fbf xfjf gnfu]sf] ;dodf kfgL xflnG5 . of] !% xhf/ lkm6dfly k|foM hf8f] x'g] lxdfnL If]qdf kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] 8f]Nkf / dgfª lhNnf ofrf{u'Daf x'g] d'Vo If]q x'g\ . o;sf] ;]jgn] of}g pQ]hgf a9\g] / z/L/df :km"tL{ cfpg] dflgG5 .

dNnsfnsf] Gofo Jofj:yf s:tf] lyof] <

          dNnsfnsf] Gofo Joj:yf /fhfaf6 g} ;~rflnt lyof] . Gofo ;Dkfbg sfo{ ug{ ;Nnfxsf/sf] ?kdf edf{lwsf/L /fVg] k|rng lyof] . Gofo ;Dkfbg sfo{ lxGb' rd{ u|Gyx?sf] cfwf/df x'GYof] . dNnsfndf ;dfGo lsl;dsf d'2f dfldnfsf] l5gf]kmfgf] k~rsrx/Ln] ub{y] . k~rsrx/Lsf] lg0f{o pk/ lrQ ga'em] åf/];dIf  / åf/]sf] lg0f{o lrQ ga'em] b]jfgL eP sf]6lnª\u / kmf}hbf/L eP O6fkrnLdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg]  Joj:yf lyof] . o;/L l5gf]kmfgf]sf] k'2fsf] k'g/fj]bg /fhf / b/af/ c8\8fdf lbg kfOGYof] .

k//fi6« gLlt eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <

          Ps b]zn] csf]{ b]z;Fu ;DjGw /fVg] gLlt nfO{ k//fi6« gLlt elgG5 . cyf{t\ s'g} /fi6«aLr ;DjGw ;~rfng ug]{ / cGt/fli6«o hutdf /fli6«o :jfy{nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] ;DjGw /fHon] clVtof; ug]{ gLlt. l;4fGt jf Jofjxf/nfO{ g} k//fi6« gLlt elgG5 .

k//fi6« gLltsf cfwf/x? M

          s_ s'g} klg u'6;Fu ;+nUg gx'g] .

          v_ k~rzLnsf] l;4fGtsf] cjnDag

          u_ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g / ljZj zflGtsf] dfGotf

          3_ e"kl/j]li7t /fi6«sf] kf/jxg xsdf hf]8      

          ª_ ljjfbsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg

          5_ lgMz:qLs/0fsf] kIfdf

          h_ ;fd|fHojfb. pklgj]zjfb, gjpklgj]zjfb, hfltjfb, /ªe]b, k|e'Tjjfb cflbsf] lj/f]w .

/]ld6]G;af6 d'n'ssf] cy{qGqdf k/]sf] k|efjaf/] n]Vg'xf];.

sfdsfnflu ljb]z hfg] JolQmx?n] cfkm\gf] d'n'sdf k7fPsf[ cfDbfgLnfO{ /]ldbG; elgG5 . /]ld6\G; ljZjel/ g} ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu ;zQm dfWod ag]sf] 5 . /]ld6\G;n] g]kfnsf] s'n u|fx{:y pTkfbg –hL8LkL_ df !* k|ltztn] of]ubfg k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf cf}krfl/s txaf6 lelqg] /]ld6]G; &% s/]x %) nfv 8n/ k'u]sf] 5 . h''g s'n u|fx{:y pTkfbgsf] !@ k|ltzt xf] . o;sf] %) k|ltzt c+z cfg}krfl/s txaf6 leqg] s'n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] !* k|ltzt xf] . ef/t, rLg / d]lS;sf] ljZjsf k|d'v /]ld6\Gof; k|Kt ug]{ d'n's x'g\ .

          g]kfn /]ld6\Gof; k|Kt ug]{ ljZjsf zLif{ @) d'n'sleq k5{ . %) b]vL ^) k|ltzt dflg; ljsf;zLn d'n'sx?df uO/x]sf 5g\ . ljZj a}ª\sn] ;g\ @))% gf]e]Da/df b Osf]gf]ls ODKnLs]zg ckm /]ld6\G; P08 dfOu|]zg zLif{sdf ljZj cflys{ k|ltj]bg\ ;g\ @))^ hf/L ub}{ ljb]z u{/ sdfpg]n] k7fPsf] /sd /ld6]G; ;g\ @))% df @ vj{ #@ cj{ 8n/ ePsf] hgfPsf] lyof] . o;dWo] g]kfnnufot blIf0f Pl;ofdf #@ cj{ 8n/ lelqPsf] lyof] .of] /]ld6]G; ;g\ @))! sf] t'ngfdf ^& k|ltztn] al9 xf] . blIf0f Pl;ofdf ;g\ @@% df s'n ux{:y pTkfbg ^=( k|ltzt j[l4 ePsf] k|ltj]bg hgfOPsf] lyof] . ;g\ @))$ df of] ^=* k|ltzt lyof] . t/ kfls:tfg / ef/tdf ;g\ @))$ df %=( k|ltzt /x]sfdf ;g\ @))% df %=! k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] .

          /fhg}lts cl:y/tfn] g]kfn / aª\unfb]zdf 36]sf] 5 eg] ;'gfdL n] dflNbE; / >Lnª\sfsf] s'n u|fx{:y pTkfbg k|efljt eof]

cfly{s jif{ @)^*÷)^(sf] ah]6sf] p2]Zox? s] s] x'g\ <

        cfly{s jif{ )^*÷)^( sf] ah]6sf] p2]Zox? lgDg 5g\M

s_ zflGt k|lqmofsf afFsL sfd k"/f ug{ / gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

v_ cfdhgtf, åGb kLl8t / ;lxb tyf a]kQf kl/jf/nfO{ /fxt lbg'sf ;fy{ k'Mlgdf{0f / k'M:yfdgfsf] sfO{ ;DkGg ug{ .

u_ :jb]zL k'FhL / /fli6«o ;|f]tsf] clwstd pkof]u u/L :jfwLg , :jtGq / cfTdlge{/ cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/zLnf v8f ug]{ tyf e"ldnufot pTkfbgsf ;fwg Pj+ ;|f]tdf ul/a tyf ljkGgsf] kx'Fr k¥ofO ;fdflgs åGåsf] Go"gLs0f / ;dfj]zL ljsf; k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg] .

3_ ;/sf/L, ;xsf/L / lghL nufgL j[l4 ub}{ s[lifsf] Jofj;foLs/0f , cf}Bf]lusLs/0f k'g?Tyfg / ;]jf If]qsf] lj:tf/ u/L ;fdflhs Gofo o'Qm / /f]huf/d'ns cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{ .

ª_ ef}uf]lns, If]lqo tyf hg;fª\lVos ;Gt'ng ldnfpg] / efjL ;ª\3Lo :j?knfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg] u/L ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fnfO{ tLj|tf lbg] /

r_ ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj sfod ug]{ / ljQLo If]qdf ;'zf;g ;'b[9 u/L hgljZjf; clej[l4 ug]{ .

cfly{{s knfog eg]sf] s] xf] <

 s'g} b]zsf wgL JolQmn] cfkm";Fu ePsf] wgnfO{ cfkm\g} b]zdf nufgL gu/L cGo b]zx?df nufgL jf jrt ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ cfly{s knfog elgG5 . cNkljsl; b]zx?af6 ljb]zdf k};f n}hfg k|lqmof g] cfly{s knfog xf] .

g]kfnsf] k|dfl0fs ;dosf] af/]df pNn]v ug'{xf]; .

          g]kfndf uf}l/zª\s/ lxdfnnfO{ cfwf/ dfhL lj=;+= @)$@  a}zfv ! b]vL lgZro ul/Psf] xf] . uf}l/z+s/ sf6]sf] ** l8u|L !% ldg]6 k"jL{ b]zfGt/ /]vfsf] cfwf/df of] to ul/Psf] . of] ;do u|Lgljg d]g 6fOd eGbf % 306f !% ldg]6 rnfv .

lghdtL ;]jfdf c:yfoL lgo'lQm ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf af/]df n]Vg' xf];\ .

 nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;~rfng u/]sf] k/LIffdf :yfoL lgo'QmLsf nflu l;kmfl; gePsf pDd]bjf/x?dWo] c:yfoL lgo'lQmsf] k|of]hgfsf nfuL 5'6} of]Uotfqmd ;"rL k}sfzg ug]{5 . lghfdlt ;]jfsf] s'g} kgdf c:yfoL lgo'lQ, ug'{kg]{ ePdf ;DalGwt dGqfnon] cfof]udf n]vL k7fpg], cfof]un] ;f]xL c:yfoL of]Uotfqmdsf] ;'rLaf6 c:yfoL lgo'lQmug{ gfd l;kmfl/; u/L k7fpg] / l;kmfl/; eO{ cfPsf[ sd{rf/LnfO{ ;DalGwt dGqfnonfO{ lbg'sf ;fy} o; ljk/Lt c:yfoL lgo'lQm u/]df vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tna, eQf / cGo ;'ljwfjfktsf] /sd lgo'lQm tg]{ kbflwsf/L ;/sf/L afFsL s/x c;'n x'g]5 .

g]kfnsf] jt{dfg s/ gLlt s] s:tf] /x]sf] 5 < pNn]v u/.

          g]kfndf 5'6} s/ gLlt geP klt lqjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf / jflif{s ah]6n[ pb|3f]if u/]jdf]lgd g]kfnsf] s/ gLltsf] kIfx?nfO{ o; k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

s_ s/sf] b/ j[l4 ul/ bfo/f lj:tf/ ug{

v_ :j]lR5s s/ ;xeflutf tyf s/ ;+sng nufotdf sdL Nofpg ljB'tLo ;'zf;gdf cfwfl/t s/ k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{.

3_nufgL d}qL x'g] gLltsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog

ª_ cfly{s j[l4 / lj:tf/nfO{ ;3fpg] gLltdf hf]8

r_ ;fdfhs ;'/Iffdf gful/ssf] of]ubfg

5_ ;fwg kl/rfngdf cfGtl/s ;|f]tdflyfs] lge{/tf a9fpg]

h_ dbL/f / ;'tL{hGo kbfy{ laqmL ljt/0fdf pRr s/f/f]k0f ug]{

sdf08/L lstfa vfgfsf] kl/ro lbg'xf]; .

hª\uaxfb'/ /f0ffåf/f of] c8\8fsf] d'Vo sfo{ sd{rfl/x?sf] gfd btf{ ug]{ , pgLx?sf] egf{ ldltnufotsf] ljj/0f /fVg] lyof] . s'g} klg sd{rf/LnfO{ tna vfg o; sfof{nosf] k|df0fkq cfjZos kb{Yof] . o; sfof{non] l/Qm /x]sf] kbsf] l;kmfl/; gu/];Dd c? sd{rf/L egf{ ug{ ;lsb}g lyof] . egf{, ;?jf, a9'jf vf];'jf / ydf}lt cflbsf] k|Tos jif{ gofF gfdfjnL ;"rL tof/ ug]{ ub{Yof] . o;fs] ;fy} a9'jf tyf avf{:tL ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] ;"rL tof/ u/L >L # ;dIf k]; ug]{ nufotsf sfo{ / k]G;Lg sf] Joj:yf klg o;} c8\8f af6 x'g] uYof]{ . o;sf] sfd xfn cfP/ lghfdlt sLtfavfgfn] ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

v'nf zx/ eg]sf] s] xf] <

          o'4sf] avt s'g} zx/df P]ltxfl;s, ;fF:s[lts jf cGo sf/0faf6 ;}lgs ultljwL grsf{pg] 3f]if0ff u/]/ o4/t kIfaf6 :jLsf/ ul/g] ;x/nfO{ v'nf ;x/ elgG5 . o:tf] ;x/df ad jiff{, c>'Uof; jf ;}lgs rsf{pg kfOGg . lålto ljZjo'4df km|G;sf] k]l/; / O6fnLsf] /f]d nfO{ v'nf ;x/ 3f]if0f ul/Psf] lyof] .

;+;f/s]f ;a}eGbf cUnf] 7fFpaf6 emg]{ emgf{ PGh]n kmN; sf] af/]df n]Vg'xf]; .

          e]g]h'onfdf kg]{ PGh]n kmN; ljZjs} ;j}eGbf cUnf] :yfgaf6 :jtGqk"j{s emg]{ em/gf xf] . of] (&( ld6/ prfO{ af6 em5{ . g]zgn lhof]u|kmLs ;f];fO6L n] ;g\ !($( df o;sf] prfO{ k|dfl0ft u/]sf] xf] .

          aL;f}F ztfAtLsf] ;'?tL/ cg]{:6 ;fFr]h nf qm'hn] of] em/gf b]v]sf] elgPklg ;g\ !(## df cd]l/sL p8\og stf{ h]D; sf8{kmf]8{ PGh]n n] of] em/gfaf/] kQmf nufPkl5 ljZjsf dflg;x?n] of] em/gf yfxf kfPsf x'g\ . pg} JolQmsf] gfdaf6 of] em/gfsf] gfd /flvPsf] xf] . of] em/gfdf k'Ug lgs} sl7gfO{ a]xf]{g k5{ . of] em/gf x]g{ x]nLsK6]/ af6 hfg] ul/G5 .

d[t ;fu/ eg]sf] s] xf] <

          hf]8{g / Oh/fonaLrsf] cToGt g'lgnf] tfnnfO{ d[t;fu/ elgG5 . cGo ;d'Gb+df g'fsf] dfqf @ b]lv lnP/ * k|ltzt;Dd kfOG5 . t/ d[t ;fu/df g'gsf] dfqf @% k|ltzt kfOG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm o;df kf]6fl;od, SoflNlofd, a|f]ldgh:tf tTj klg kfOG5 . o; ;fu/df s'g}klg hLj hGt' hLljt /xg ;Sb}gg\ t;y{ o; ;fu/nfO{ d[t ;fu/ elgPsf] xf] .

cfgGbs'6L :yfg s;/L gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] xf] <

          sf7df8f}+ :joDe"sf] pQ/kl§ 8f8fFsf] sfvdf /x]sf] s'6L -d{zfnf_ clt ;fgf] ePsf] x'gfn] cfuGt' pkf;s pkfl;sf x?nfO{ a;g[ 7fFp gk'u]sf] x'Fbf kl5 To;nfO{ a9fP/ rf/}lt/ 7fpF ;kmf ;'U3/;d]t u/]kl5 leIf'x? / pkf;sx? ;f} cfglGbt ePsf] x'Fbf s'6Lsf] gd g} cfgGbs'6L /xg uof].

xfn ;Ddsf] ljZjsk dlxnf km'6jnsf ljh]tf / pkljh]tfsf] af/]df n]Vg'xf]; .

        ;g\ !((! ljh]tf M cd]/Lsf, pkljh]tf M gj]{ ;g\ !((% ljh]tf M gj]{, pkljh]tf M hd{gL ;g\ !((( ljh]tf M cd]l/sf, pkljh]tf M rLg ;g\ @))# ljh]tf M hd{gL, pkljh]tfM :jL8]g @))& ljh]tf M hd{gL pkljh]tf M a|fhLn @)!! ljh]tf M hfkfg pkljh]tf M cd]l/sf

k|yd ;fkm o"-!^ RoflKkogl;kjf/] rrf{ ug{'xf]; .

          k|yd ;fkm o"-!^ RoflDkog;Lk g[kfnsf[ /fhwfgL sf7df8f}+ df @)!! cu:6sf[ klxnf] xKtfdf cfof]hgf ePsf] lyof]. ;f] RolDkogl;kdf km'6an k|ltof]lutfdf cu:6 !) tfl/s sf lbg ;DkGg eof] . ;fs{ /fi6«sf ckmuflg:tfg / e'6fgafx[s ^ /fi6«n] ;xeflutf hgPsf] o; RoflDkogl;kdf b'O{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ul;Psf] lyof] . ;d"x …PÚ af6 kfls:tfg / ef/t tyf ;d'x aLÚ af6 g]kfn aª\unfb]z ;[ldkmOgndf k|j]z u/]sf] lyof] . klxnf] ;[ldkmOgndf kfls:tfgn] aª\unfb]znfO{ @–) n] x/fpFb} kmfOgndf ku]sf] lyof] eg] bf];|f] r/0fdf ef/t / g]kfnsf] cToGt k|lt:kwf{Tds v]ndf lgwf{l/t ;dodf !–! uf]n s'g uO{ v]n k]gfN6Ldf ws]lnPsf] lyof] . k]gfN6Ldf ef/tn] g]kfnnfO{ $–@ n] k5f8L kfb}{ kmfOgndf k|j]z u¥of] .

          @)!! cu:6 !) tfl/v bz/y /ª\uzfnfdf ePsf] kmfOgndf ef/tdfly @–! sf] lht;lxt kfls:tfgn] k|yd ;fkm o"!^sf] pkflw lhTg ;kmn eof] . t];|f] :yfgsf nflu ePsf] v]ndf eg] g]kfnn] aª\unfb]zfnfO{ @–! n] x/fpFb} ljho k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] . o;}ul/ kfFrf} :yfgsf] nflu ePsf] v]ndf dflNbE;n] >Lnª\sf nfO{ @–) n] kfvf nufpFb} clGtd x'gaf6 hf]luPsf] lyof] .

lau a]g eg]sf] s] xf] <

          ljlj;L n] ;+;f/ el/ ;do;"lrt ug]{ 38Lg} lau a]g xf] . 7Ls ;do k|b{zg ug]{ 38L ePsf] n] 6fj/sf] ?kdf k|Voft lau a] !# 6gsf] 306fsf] ef/ af]s]/ a;]sf] 5 . of] la|l6; ;+;b ejg j]:6ldlg:6/ nG8gsf] k"jL{ efudf agfOPsf] 5 . o;sf] l8hfOg/ j]/[G8 P8dG8 a]s]6 x'g\ . o;nfO{ a]Nhfldg xn n] :yfkgf u/fPsf lyP . pgL To; ;dodf sld:g/ ckm jS;{ lyP . pg}sf] ;Demfgfdf o;sf] gfd lau a]g /flvof] t/ kl5 uP/ 6fj/nfO{ g} lau a]g eGg yflnof] .

          ;g\ !*%( d] #! sf lbg klxnf] rf]6L Tof] ljzfn 38Ln] cfkm\gf] 6Ls 6Ls cfjfh ;'Psf] lyof] . ;g\ !(&& df $ clk|nb]vL !& clk|n ;Dd hDdf !# lbg of] ljzfn 38L /f]lsof] . of] g} o;sf] /f]sjf6sf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] ;do lyof] . lau a]g ;Dd k'Ugsf nflu nfdf] e¥ofª 5 , h;df k'Ugsf] nflu 3'Dg] e¥ofª 5 , h;df #&$ l;9L 5g\ . 38Ldf ag]sf] /f]dg c+sx?sf] nDjfO{ b'O{ lkm6 nfdf] 5 . of] 38L ;~rfnggdf cfPkl5 k|To]s ;ftf b'O{ hgf JolQmx? bd bLg dfly hfGy] t/ clxn] of] ljh'nL rNb5 .

leS6f]l/of qm;sf ;+:yfks dxf/fgL leS6f]l/ofaf/] pNn]v ug'{xf]; .

dxf/fgL leS6f]l/of cn]Sh]l8«ofsf] @$ d] !*!( df a]nfotsf] lqmlG;6g /fhk|;fbdf ePsf] lyof] . leS6f]l/of cfkm\gf sfsf ljlnod rf}yf]sf] d[To' kl5 !* jif{sf] slnn} pd]/df @) h'g !*#& df a]nfotsf] /fhl;xf;gdf cfl;g eOg\ . pgsf] zf;gsfndf la|l6; zf;g pTsif{df k'u]sf] lyof] . @@ h'g !()! df dxf/fgL sf] :ju{af; eof] . o;/L pgL ^# jif{ & dlxgf b'O{ lbg zf;g u/]sL lyOg\ . pgL la|l6; zf;sx?sf] Oltxf;df ;a}eGbf nfdf] zf;g ug]{ zf;s x'g\ .

;'zf;g eg]sf] s] xf] / o;sf d'Vo ljz]iftfx? s] x'g\ <

;'zf'g eGg] lalQs} lgikIf, t6:y, k|efjsf/L, hgd'vL zf;g Joj:yf xf] . o;nfO{ c;n zf;g, /fd|f] zf;g, u'0fjfg\ zf;gsf] ?kdf ;d]t lnOG5 .

          ljZj a}ª\sn] ;g\ !(*( df blIf0f clkm|sfdf ;xof]u ;~rfng ubf{ Crises is Gorvence zAbsf] k|of]u u/]kl5 ;'zf;gsf] ljifn] k|yfldstf kfPsf] kfOG5 . tLx'g\

s_ gful/s :jfldTj (Ownership)

v_ kf/vlz{tf / pQm/bfloTj ( transparency and Accountability)

u_ ;dtf ( Equility)

3_ s'zntf( Efficiency)

;'zf;gfs nflu cfjZos cfwf/e"t dfGotfx? lgDg k|sf/ 5g\M

s_ /fhgLlts l:y/tf

v_ hgd'vL c8ftGq

u_ hg;xeflutf

u_ :jtGq Gofokflnsf

3_ hg;xeflutf

ª_ hg;xeflutf

r_ lbuf] ljsf;

5_ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f

h_ ;dfj]zL ljsf;

em_ sfg'gL /fHo lglZrt eljio

`_ gofF k|ljlwsf] pkof]u cflbnfO{ lnOG5 .

NRN sf] xfn;Ddsf ;Dd]ngx?af/] pNn]v ug'{xf]; .

!_@)^) c;f]h @$–@& df @% d'n'[sfsf @)) k|ltlgwL

@_ @)^@ c;f]h @!–@# df #) d'n'ssf #)) k|ltlgwL ;xeflu

#_ @)^$ c;f]h @*–#) #* d'n'ssf $))

$_ @)^^ c;f]h @&–@( %@ d'n'ssf %)) k|ltlglw

g]kfn /Tgsf] jf/]df pNn]v ug'{ xf]; .

          g]kfnsf] ;jf]{Rr lje"if0fsf] gfd g]kfn /Tg xf] . o; dfgkbjL sf] k|ltssf] dWodl0f dfnf x'G5 . dWod0fL cf7sf]0fx? o'Qm s'G5 . k|To]s fs]0fx?df kfFr kfFr j6f xL/fxx? x'G5g\ . o;sf] dWoefudf ;'gaf6 ag]sf] h]kdnsf] gS;f / To;dfly ;u/dfyfsf] lrqsf] k|tLs x'G5 . of] dfnf 3fF6Ldf nufOG5 eg] cGo lje'if0f 5ftLdf nufOG5 .

An' sf8{ eg]sf] s] xf] <

          o'/f]k]nL o'lgogsf ;b:o /fi6«x?df bIf hgzlQmsf] a9\bf] dfu k'/f ug{ An' sf8{ >d of]hgf ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 . o; of]hgf cGtu{t sl/a @) nfv cfk|jf;L sfdbf/n] l'/f]k]nL l'lgogsf @& ;b:o /fi6« df cfs{ifs ;'ljwfo'Qm /f]huf/L ;'gf}nf cj;/ k|fKt u5{g . ck]l/sL lu|gsf8{  k4ltdf cfwf/Lt o; k|0fnLn] ;+o'Qm/fHo cd]l/sf Sofg8f ,c:6]«lnof lt/ cfs{lift ePsf] bIf hgzlQnfO{ cfkm'lt/ cfs{lift ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 . gofF cfk|jf;Ln] dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yf jf ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gfts pQL0f{ / sDtLdf tLg jif{sf] Joj;foL cg'ej k|fKt u/]sf] x'g'kg]{5 .

OkLP; eg]sf] s] xf] < k|i6 kfg'{;\ .

          O{kLP; eg]sf] /f]huf/ cg'dlt k|0ffnL xf] . blIf0fL sf]l/ofdf g]kfnL sfdbf/nfO{ of] k|0ffnL cGt{ut b'j} b]zsf ;/sf/LaLrsf] ;Demf}tfaf6 k7fpg] ;}4flGts ;xdltdf x:tfIf/ ePsf] 5 . of] k|0fnL cGt{ut blIf0f sf]l/ofdf sfdsf nflu hfg] g]]kfnL sfdbf/x?n] s]xL ;t{x? k"/ug'{ kg]{ / Tof] k"/f u/]kl5 ;/f/n] g} sfdbf/ 5gf]6 u/]/ k7fpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;fs] nflu $ j6f zt{x? sf]l/ofnL efiffsf] 1fg hfg]sf ], :jf:Yo /fd|f] ePsf] , !* jif{ k"/f eO{ #( jif{ ggf3]sf] / klxn] sf]l/ofaf6 glgsflnPsf] x'g'kg]{5 .

8] xf]Gt k|0ffnL eg]sf] s] xf] <

          8] xf]Gt k|0ffnL a]NhLodsf sfg'g Joj;foL leS6/ 8] xf]Gt n] k|ltkfbg u/]sf x'g\ . o;n] dt ;+Vofsf cfwf/df /fhgLts bnx?ljrdf kbx?sf] afF8kmf8 ul/G5 . o; l;4fGtdf /fhgLlts, sfg'gL eGbf jl9 ul0flto lgodg} jl9 lg0ff{os x'G5 . To;sf/0f of] lgZrt / ljjfb/lxt 5 . sfo{ k|0ffnL sf b[li6Lsf]0fn] of] lrGg eP klg u0fLtLo ?kfdf cd]l/sL /fhg]tf -t];|f /fi6«klt_ yf]d; hf]km{;gn] /fHox?jf6 ljwfoLsfx?df k|ltlglwTj u/fOg] ;+Vof;+u ldNbf] h'Nbf] 5 .8] xf]Gt k|0ffnL ljZjsf rf/ bh{g d'n'sdf ljleGg ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf]] u7g sf ;Gb{edf k|rngdf 5 . g]kfndf ;+l3otf cfPkl5 gjul7t /fHox?nfO{ /ghgLlts k|efj af6 d'Qm ug{ ;/sf/ agfpg] lu/fpg] v]n / o;} ;+u hf]l8P/ e|i6rf/ df}nfpg] / /fHosf] /fhgLlt hf]ufpg /fHodf ;j} kIfsf] ;xeflutf ;'lgZrt ug{s nflu sfo{kfnLsf u7g ug{sf nflu of] ljlw pko'Qm x'G5 .

…8] xf]Gt k|0ffnL n] s;/L sfd u5{ <

          8] xf]Gt ljlwcg';f/ kf6L{x?ljrdf ;/sf/ kbx? ljt/0f lgjf{rg d08n -;/sf/ lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;+;bsf] ;b:o ;+Vof_ sf cfwf/df ul/G5 . of] ljlwcg';f/ ;a}eGbf w]/} lgjf{rs ;+Vof ePsf] kf6L{}n] ;/sf/sf] klxnf] bfjL ug{ ;S5 . o;/L klxnf] kb lnP/ p;sf] lgjf{rg ;+VofnfO{ b'O{n] efu ul/ pQm kf6L{sf] bf;|f] kb bfjL ug]{ x}l;to lgwf{/0f x'G5 . o;/L klxnf] 7"nf] kf6L{sf] bf;|f] kb bfjL ug]{ lgjf{rs ;ª\Vof eGbf sd ePdf ;/sf/sf] bf;|f] dxTjk"0f{ kb bf;|f] kf6L{nfO{ hfG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu s'g} /fHos] @& ;b:oLo ljwfolsfdfs, v, u / 3 kf6L{ n] qmdzM !),&,^,$ :yfgdf ljho xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ . ;+ljwfgcg';f/ /fHosf] sfo{kfnLsf kfFr dGqL 5g\ eg] ltgsf] ljt/0f qmdzM x'G5 . dtsf] cg'kftcg';f/ ;a}n] dGqL kb kfpF5g\ . 8] xf]Gt k|0ffnL k|of]u ePsf b]zsf] cg'ej / g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts c;n / v/fj zf;gsf] cEof; x'g glbg of] Joj:yf lgs} pkof]uL x'g] b]lvG5 .

qmlds of]hgf eg]sf] s] xf] <(Rolling Plane)

pknAw ;|f]u ;fwgsf cfwf/df s'g sfd, s;n] sxfF, s;/L / s] s:tf] ;|f]taf6 s'g k|lqmof åf/f ug]{ egL eljiosf nflu agfOg] 9fFrf g} of]hgf xf] .          qmlds of]hgfnfO{ lgoldt bf]xf]l/g] of]hgf klg elgG5 . of] dWodsfnLg of]hgf #, %, & jif]{ cflb of]hgfsf] k"/s jf cª\u xf] eGg ;ldG5 . s'g} klg dWosfnLg of]hgfsf] klxnf] jif{ ;dfKt ePkl5 kl5Nnf] jif{ qmlds ?kdf hf]l8g] of]hgfnfO{ qmlds of]hgf elgG5 . dfgf}F cf=j= @)^^ b]lv @)&) ;Dd kfFr jif]{ dWosflng  of]hgf xf] . o;df cf=j= @)^^ ;dfKt ePkl5 of]hgf @)^& b]lv @)&! x'g] , cf=j= @)^& ;lsPkl5 of]hgf @)^* b]lv @)&@ x'g] x'G5 .

ljZjdf d[To[b08 lbOg] b]zx? slt 5g\ < o;af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

          ljZjsf ! ;o (# :jtGq /fi6«x?dWo] Ps ;o !! b]zdf d[To[b08sf] Jofj:yf 5}g , PDg]:6L OG6g];gnsf cg';f/ uPsf] @) jif{df $) /fi6«n] d[To'808nfO{ k"/} Tofu] . tL $) b]zdWo] g]kfn klg Ps xf] , PDg]:6Lsf nflt d[To'b08lj?4 ljZj Pstfsf] ;ª\nugdf elgPsf] 5 , … ljZjsf tL !!! b]zdWo] &^ b]zn] d[To'b08nfO{ k"/} Tofu]sf 5g\ . !$ b]zdf gful/s ck/fwsf nflu d[To'b08 5}g . ;fs{ /fi6«dWo[ g]kfndf dfq d[To'b08 lbOb}g\ . dflNbE;, e'6fg / >Lnª\sfdf d[To'b08 glbg] eg] klg lbOb}F cfPsf] 5.

          o'/f]kdf klg s]xL /fi6« d[To'b08 lbg] sfg'g lnP/ a;]sf 5g\ . o'/f]k]nL kl/ifb\ ;b:otf lbg] qmddf d[To'b08 TofUg] eg]/ ?;n] !((^ d} x:tfIf/ u/]sf] lyof] t/ ToxfF d[To'b08 oBlk sfod 5 . o;sf lj?4 ?;L ;+;bdf tTsfnLg /fli6«klt af]l/; oNtl;gn] 7"nf] vKsL vfg'k/]sf] lyof] . d[To'b08 glbg] elgP klg d[To'b08 lbFb} cfPsf d'n'sx? cfd]{lgof, e'6fg, a|'gfO{, a'ls{gf kmf;f], dWo clkm|sf u0f/fHo, sª\uf] u0f/fHo, uflDaof, u|]gf8f, d8fuf:s/, dflNbE;, dfnL, gfp/ , gfOh/, kk'jf Go'lugL, ?;, ;df]cf, ;]g]un, >Lnª\sf, ;'l/gfd, 6fFuf / 6f]uf] x'g\ .

          ljz]if cj:yfdf dfq d[To'b08 lbOg] b]zx? clNalgof, af]lnleof, afl:gof, xh{uf]legf, a|lhn, lrnL, s's cfONofG8;\, Pn ;fNef8f]/, lkmhL, u|L;, Oh/fon, nflTeof, k]? / 6sL{ x'g\ . :d/0f /xf]; ljZjdf ;j}eGbf al9 kmfF;L lbOg] b]z rLg xf] .

dgf:n' lxdfnsf] k|yd cf/f]x0f af/] n]Vg'xf]; .

          ;g\ !(%^ d] ( df uf]/vf lhNnfl:yt dgf:n' lxdfn klxnf] k6s cf/f]x0f ul/Psf] xf] . g]kfnL hfkfgL ;+o'Qm 6f]nLn] To;a]nf cf/f]x0f u/]sf] lyof] . x]Ssf /xf];\ sL hfkfgLn] g]kfnsf] lxdfn cf/f]x0f u/]sf] klg of] klxnf] lyof] . tf]lzcf] Odf?l; n[ hfkfgsf tkm{af6 / gf]a'{ UofNh]g z]kf{n] g]kfnsf tkm{af6 cf/f]x0f u/]sf] lyP . gf]a'{ UofNh]g z]kf{n] dgf:n' lxdfn cf/]x0f ug]{ klxnf] g]kfnL x'g\ .

d'b| cjd'Nog eg]sf] s] xf] < d'b| cjd'Nog lsg ul/G5 <

        cfkm\gf] b]zsf] d'b|fnO{ ljb]zL d'b|fsf] bfFhf]df ;:tf] jgfpg' d'b|f cjd'Nog xf] . vf;u/L lgof{t j[l4 ug{ o:tf] cjd'Nog ul/G5 . ljb]zL d'b|sf] bfFhf]df cfkm\gf] b]zsf] d'b|f ;:tf] agfpFbf ljb]zLsf] nflu a:t' ty ;]jf ;:tf] kg{ hfG5 . kmntM lgof{t a9\5 / ljb]zL d'b|f ;l~rlt a9\g hfG5 .

cg'dflgt s;'/ eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <

          e|i6frf/sf] cleofgdf nfu]sf] s'g} /fi6« ;]jssf ;fydf lghsf] jf lghsf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?n] yfx eP;Ddsf] cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]tsf cg'kftdf gldNbf] cfly{s ;fwg jf ;DklQm ePsf] jf gldNbf] ul/ pRr hLjg:t/df agfOPsf] jf 7"nf] bfg bftJo jf as; lbPs]f km]nf k/]df jf lghn] ;f]sf] cfh{gsf ;DjGwdf cbfnunfO} ;Gtf]ifhgs x'g] k|df0f lbg g;s]df u}/sfg'gL ?kn] e|i6rf/ u/]sf] 7x¥ofO jf c'gdfg u/L sf/afxL ul/g'nfO{ cg'dflgt e|i6rf/ elgG5

h}ljs o'4 eGgfn] s] nfO{ elgG5 <

          h}ljs o

 Eco-Tourism eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <

          ko{6g ;DalGw lqmofsnfkaf6 jftfj/0fdf x'g] k|lts'n c;/ Go"g ul/ ko{6g pBf]usf] ljsf; ug'{nfO{ g} jftfj/0fLo ko{6g eGg] a'lemG5 . tLj|?kdf al9/x]sf] ko{6g Joj;fon] k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tf, k|rLg dxTjsf :ynx?nufot ko{6sx?sf] ;'ljwf j[l4n] ubf{ ko{6g If]qsf w]/} h;f] k|fs[lts  ;Dkbfx? ljgfz eO/x]sf 5g\ . ko{6sx?n] vfPsf / rnfPsf vfg]s'/fsf vf]n Pj+ af]tn cflbn] ;d]t k|b'if0f a9fPsf 5g\ . o;y{ jftfj/0fLo s'/fnfO{ Wofg lbO{ k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f Pj+ ;+j4{g ug'{k5 . o;/L ko{6g lqmofsnfkaf6 jftfj/0fdf kg]{ c;/ Go"g u/L ko{6g lqmofsnfk cufl8 a9fpg'k5{ eGg] wf/0ff g} Osf] 6'l/Hd xf] .

;zQmLs/0f eg]sf] s] xf] <

          ;fwgx?sf] afF8kmfF8df s'g} k|sf/sf] ;xeflutf gePsf, ljsf;sf gLlt lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogdf ;xeflutf Go"g ePsf jf b'j} gePsf, clg zf;g ;Qfdf s'g} kx'Fr gePsf tyf cfkm\gf] clwgdf s'g} ;fwg / ;|f]t gePsf, lk5l8Psf, ckx]lnt, blnt / ul/a au{x?nfO{ pNn]lvt ;a} kIf / sfo{df ;xefuL u/fpg] k|of;nfO{ ;zQmLs/0f elgG5 . dlxnf, hghflt / blntnfO{  pTyfg ug{ ul/g] ;xof]u ;zlQs/0fsf pbfx/0f x'g\ .

/fli6«o ufg cª\lst x'nfs l6s6af/] n]Vg'xf];\ .

          g]kfn ;/sf/sf] @)^@÷)^# sf] P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng kZrft k'/fgf] /fli6«o ufgsf] ;§fdf Jofs'n dfOnf4f/f /lrt /fli6«o ufg @)^% nfO{ sflt{s @(df k|yd k6s x'nfs l6s6sf] ?kdf k|sflzt NofPsf] xf] . o; /fli6«o ufg cª\lst x'nfs l6s6sf] l8hfOg snfs/f df]xg g/l;+x /f0ff u/]sf x'g\ .

c?0f EofnLsf] uf]Sof] ?6df s'g s'g lxdfn b]Vg kfOG5 <

          c?0f EofnL–uf]Sof] 6«]lsª ?6df lgDg ;'Gb/ lxdfnx?sf] b[Zokfg ug{ ;lsG5 M

!= ;u/dfyfsf] lxnf/L :6]k            ^= k'df]/L

@= dsfn'                              &= yfdf]

#= Nxf]T;]                              *= rf]nfKr]

$= Nxf]Tr];f/                          (= cfO;NofG8

%= g'Kr]                               !)=tfjfr], nf]a'r]

/fli6«o lgs'~h, cf/If tyf ;+/lIft If]qsf] :yfkgfsf] p2]Zo s]xf] <

          g]kfnsf] ljleGg e"–k|s[lts If]qdf /x]sf k|d'v k|s[lts If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ kl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf] ;+/If0f ug'{, clålto ;f}Gbo{tfn] k"0f{ e"–b[Zox?sf ;fy{ j}1flgs, ;f+:s[lts, kbofqf dgf]/~hgsf] b[li6n] dxTjk"0f{ dflgPsf If]qx?df /fli6«o lgs'~h, cf/If tyf ;+/lIft If]qx? :yfkgf u/L b'n{e tyf dxTjk"0f{ jg:klt tyf jGohGt'nfO{ ;+/If0f, ;+j4g{ tyf Joj:yf ug'{ o;sf] k|d'v p2]Zo /x]sf] xf] .

ljZj ko{6g ;+u7g sf af/] n]Vg'xf];\ .

          ljZj ko{6g ;+u7g :k]gsf] /fhwfgL Dofl8«8df ** /fi6«sf] ;+nUgtfdf ;g\ !(&% hgj/L @ df :yflkt ;+:yf xf] . o; ko{6g ;DjlGw ;+u7gsf] ;lrjfno Dofl8«8df g} 5 . o; ;+:yfdf g]kfnnufot !$# eGbf al9 ;b:o /fi6«, ;ft ;x ;b:o , b'O{ ko{j]Ifs / ko{6g;DalGw Pj+ cGo ;+:yfx? ;Da4 5g\ . o; ;+:yfsf p2Zo]x? lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M

          s_ cGt/fli6«o zflGt ;dembf/L sfod ug'{

          v_ cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu of]ubfg k'¥ofpg',

          u_ cGt/fli6«o Jofkf/df ;/ntf Pj+ k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg'

          r_ ;f+:s[lts cfbfgk|bfg ug'{

          ko{6gnfO{ j9jf lbg] o; ;ª\3n] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+l3o cfly{s tyf ;fdflgs kl/ifb\ o'g]:sf] sf] glhs /x]./ sfd u5{ . o; ;+:yfn] ;g\ @))@ nfO{ International Fear Ecotourism sf ?kdf dgfPsf] lyof] .

/ª\ue]b gLtl eg]sf] s] xf] <

          /ª\usf cfwf/df ul/g] e]befj /ª\ue]b xf] . blIf0f clkm|sfdf uf]/f zf;sx? åf/f ToxfFsf ax';+Vos sfnf hfltlj?4 ljutdf ckgfOPsf[ cGofok"0f{ e]befj gLlt o;sf] pbfx/0f xf] . h;df uf]/f / sfnf hfltnfO{ cnu 7fFpdf /xg afWo u/fpg' sf ;fy{ b'O{ ljrdf j}jflxs ;DaGw sfod ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yf lyof] . o; gLltsf lj?4 blIf0f clkm|sL g]tf g]N;g d08]nfn] cfjfh p7fpFbf ToxfFsf] ;/sf/n[ pgnfO{ b]zb|f]xsf] d'2f rnfP/ ;g\ !(^$ h'gdf cfhGd sf/fjf;sf] ;hfo ;'gfOPsf] lyof] . ;g\ !(() df /fi6«klt Pkm8An' Snfs{sf] 3f]if0ff df pgL h]n d'Qm ePsf lyP .

dfUgfsf6f{ !@!%sf d'ne't k|fjwfgx? s] s] x'g\ <

s_ sfg'g agfpg] clwsf/ ;++;bnfO{ dfq x'g] .

v_ ;+;bsf] :jLs[lt ljgf ;+;bn] s''g} klg s/ p7fpg gkfOg] .

u_ sfg'g / sfg'gsf] plrt k|lqmofljgf s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ y'gfdf /fVg jf b]z lgsfnf ug{ gkfOg] .

3_ /fhsLo ;]gfsf nflu rflxg] cfly{s Joj:yf ;+;bsf] :jLs[ltaf6 dfq lgwf{l/t x'g] .

ª_ /fhfn] ;+;bsf] clwj]zg lgoldt ?kdf af]nfpg'kg]{ .

r_ rr{nfO{ :jfoQtf k|fKt x'g] .

5_ ljwjfnfO{ k'g ljjfx ug{ s/ gnfufOg] .

h_ ghtfnfO{ Joltmut ;DklQm\sf] clwsf/ k|fKt x'g] .

em_ JolQmut :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/ .

`_ hyfefjL ;hfolj?4sf] clwsf/ .

6_ :jtGq / lgikIf k'k{Ifsf] clwsf/ .

7_ s;}nfO} klg d[To'b08 glbg] .

8_ Gofo lbgdf l9nfO} Pj+ OGsf/L gul/g] .

0f_ nG8g / cGo ;x/? cfkm\gf k|yfx? ;~rfng ug{ g kfpg] .

6_ s'g} kgl JolQmnfO{ sfg'gn] tf]s]eGbf a9L ;hfosf] efuLbf/ gafgfOg] .

s/ eg]sf] s] x]f < s/ stl k|sf/sf x'G5g\ <

          hgtfaf6 ;/sf/nfO{ clgjfo{ ?kdf a'emfpg'kg]{ /sdnfO{ s/ elgG5 . s/ hgtfn] ;/sf/nfO{ ltg'{kg]{ clgjfo{ of]ubfg xf] . s/ a'emPafkt s/bftfnfO{ ljz]if nfe k|fKt x'b}g . s/af6 k|fKt cfo ;/sf/n] hglxtsf sfo{x?df vr{ ug]{ ub{5 .

          s/ b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . tL x'g\ M

s_ k|ToIf s/ M h'g JolQmnfO{ s/ nufOPsf] xf] pxL JolQmn] ltg]{ / x:tfGt/ ug{ g;lsg] s/nfO{ k|toIf s/ elgG5 . o;df s/sf] ef/ / k|efj Pp6} JolQmdf kb{5 . h:t}M dfnkf]t, cfos/, ;DklQ s/ cflb.

v_ ck|ToIf s/ M o;df s/df Pp6f JolQmnfO{ s/ nufOG5 t/ jf:tljs ?kdf csf]{ JolQm] s/ ltb{5 . To;}nfO{ g} ck|ToIf s/ elgG5 . o; s/df s/sf] k|efj, s/sf] ef/ , a]Unfa]Un} JolQmdf kb{5 . c?dfly s/sf] ef/ ;fg{ ;lsG5 . h:t} M cGtMz'Ns, eG;f/, d"No clej[l4s/  OToflb .

;x/Ls/0fsf d'Vo sf/0fx? s] s] x'g\ <

          ;x/Ls/0fsf d'Vo sf/0fx? lgDg k|sf/sf /x]sf 5g\ .

s_ lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/Lh:tf ;'ljwfx? ;x/tkm{ s]lGb|tx'g' .

v_ hg;+Vofsf] tLj| j[l4b/ xg' .

u_ u|fdL0f If]qdf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] sdL x'g' .

3_ ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf] cefj x'g' .

ª_ ;'Iff tyf hLjgofkgsf nflu ;x/ttkm{ j}slNks pkfox? ;d]t pknAw x'g ;Sg' .

;x/Ls/0faf6 b]lvPsf ;d:ofx? / lg/fs/0fsf pkfox? pNn]v ug'{xf]; .

          ;x/Ls/0faf6 d'Votof lgDg ;d:of b]lvPsf 5g\ .

s_ lkpg] kfgL tyf pkef]Uo j:t', kmf]g, ljB't cflb ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] ljt/0fdf sl8gfO

v_ 9n lgsf; tyf Jojl:yt a:tL Joj:yfkgdf sl7gfO .

u_ kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkgdf sl7gfO

3_ /f]usf] dxfdf/L

ª_ ;fdflhs ljx[lt, rf]/L 8s}ltdf j[l4

r_ zflGt ;'/Iff sfod /fVg sl7gfO

5_ a9\bf] ul/aL, >d zf]if0f tyf dfUg]sf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 .

          ;x/Ls/0fsf ;d;of lg/fs/0fsf pkfox? o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ .

s_ ;a} If]qsf ;Gt'lut ljsf;df hf]8 .

v_ ;'ljwfx? ;x/df dfq s]lGb|t gu/L u|fdL0f If]qx?df dfq s]lGb|t gu/L u|fdL0f If]qx?df klg lj:tf/ ug]{

u_ lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/sf cj;/x? u|fdL0f If]qdf klg l;h{g f ug]{

3_ hg;+Vofsf] j[l4df lgoGq0f .

ª_ plrt ;'/fIff sf] Jofj:yf

r_ ljs]Gb|s/0fsf gLltx?sf] /fd|f] ;Fu sfof{Gjofg ug]{ .

5_ pko'Qm ;x/Ls/0f gLlt th'{df u/L 7Ls ;Fu sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

;+ljwfgnfO{ lsg b]zsf] d"n sfg'g elgG5 <

          ;+ljwfg b]zsf] ;jf]{Rr sfg'g xf] . ;+ljwfgn] ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ lgodg ub{5 . ;/sf/nfO{ lgoGq0f ub{5 . o;n] cfkm"4f/ l;lh{t lgsfox?sf] zlQmsf] ;Ldf uo ub{5 . ;/sf/L zlQmnfO{ ;Ldfª\sg ug]{ x'Fbf ;jf]{Rr zlQm u|x0f ub{5 . ;+ljwfg;Fu afemLPsf] v08df Joj:yflksfåf/f lgld{t P]g ab/ x'g] x'bfF o;n] pRr :yfg k|Kt u/]sf] x'G5 . of] Joj:yflksf eGbf cS;/ cufl8 hGdG5 . hlt klg sfg'g agfOG5 ;f} ;+ljwfgcGt{ut g} agfOG5 . o;f] ul/g' o;sf] ;jf]{Rrtf :jLsf/ ul/g' klg xf] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^^ sf] wf/f ! df g} o;sf] pb\3f]if ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg  @)^# df nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] ylkPsf If]qx? s] s] x'g\ <

          g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] b]xfosf If]qx? ydk u/]sf] 5 M

s_;}lgs ;]jf, ;z:q k|x/L ;]jf jf k|x/L ;]jf jf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf kbdf lgo'lQm / a9'jf ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] af/]df cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{5 .

v_ s'g} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf ;]jfsf] sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf] zt{;DjlGw k|elnt sfg'g / Tof:tf] ;]jfsf] kbsf] lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s;]jf cfof]u;fu To:tf] ;+:yfn] k/fdz{ lng rfx]df nf]s;]jf cfof]un] k/fdz{ lbg ;Sg] 5 .

r'ª\uL s/ eg]s]f s] xf] <

          s'g} klg d'n'sleq Ps :yfgleq csf]{ :yfgdf ;fdfgx?sf] cfk"lt{ jf 9'jfgL ubf{ nufOg] s/nfO{ r'ª\uL s/ elgG5 . r'ª\uLs/ lng] sfd :yfgLo lgsfox?sf] xf] / o:tf] s/ Psk6s a'emfPkl5 ToxL ;fdfgsf] nflu k'M a'empg' kb}{g .

df]xg hf]b8f] gfd s;/L x/g uof] <

          :yfgLo l;GwL efifdf of] 7fpFdf d'cGhf] b/f]{ cyf{t\ d/]sf dflg;sf] b/f{ -7fpF_ elgGYof] . o;sf] cke|+; eO{ df]x]hf]b8f] / cem lau|]/ df]xg hf]8bf] x'g uof] . oxfFsf] ;Eoftf rf/ xhf/ jif{ k'/fgf] 5 .

blIf0f sf]l/ofdf ljb]zL sfdbf/sf] ;'?jft s;/L ePsf] xf <

          OGrf]g cGt/fli6«o ljdfg:ynsf] lgdf0f{sf] nflu eGb} ;g\ !((&df yfONofG8m OG8f]g]l;of, kmLlnlkG;af6 Ps xhf/ kfFr ;o bIf sfdbf/ NofOPkl5 blIf0f sf]l/ofdf ljb]zL sfdbf/ k|j]zsf] cf}krfl/s ;'?jft ePsf] xf] . ;f]xL ljdfg:yndf sfd ug{ kl5 ;g\ !((* df tLg xhf/ / ;g\ !((( df b'O{ xhf/ sfdbf/ yk ug]{ sf]l/ofn] agfof] . ljb]zLdfbf/ leqfpg] s'/fdf sf]l/ofnL ;/sf/ cfkm}+n] ;+nUg x'g yfNof] .

          ;g\ @))# df TofxfFsf] ;/sf/n] ljb]zL sfdbf/sf] /f]huf/;DalGw sfg'g hg/L u¥of] . :yfgLo sfdbf/ ;/x Jojxf/ ug]{ ;f] sfg'g @))$ df nfu' eof] . sfg'g lgdf{0f kl5 /f]huf/ cg'dtl k|0fnL cg';f/ ljleGg d'n'saf6 sf]l/ofdf sfd ug{ hfg] qmd a9]sf] xf] . ;f] k|0fnL cg'';f/ blIf0f sf]l/ofdf sfdbf/ k7fpg] d'n'ssf] ;+Vof !% k'u]sf] 5 . sfdbf/ k7fpg] x?df Pl;ofnL d'n'sx? 5g\ . @))& h'nfO{ @# df g]kfn / sf]l/of dGqL:tl/of lg0fo{ kl5 g]kfnn] OkLP; cg';f/ sfdbf/ k7fpb} cfPsf] 5 .

s'/fg eg]sf] s] xf] <

          s'/fg z/Lkm d';ndfgx?sf] kljq wfld{s k':ts xf] . c/aL efiffdf s'/fgsf] cy{ x'G5 – k9\g' . d';nfdfgsf] ljZjf; 5 sL s'/fgdf cfot cNnfxsf] cfkm\g} zAb x'g\ h'g kml/ztf u]la|on sf] dfWod k}uDa/ d'xDdbnfO{ k|fKt eof] . klxnf] efusf] 1fg d'xDdbnfO{ ;g\ ^!) lt/ dSsf df eof] / clGtdsf] 1fg dlbgfdf . k}uDa/ d'xDdbsf] d[To'kl5 vnLkmf cj'aqmsf] cfb]zaf6 o;nfO{ k'':tssf] ?kdf ;+u|lxt ul/of] . s'/fgz/Lkm c/aL efiffdf kb\da4 /rgf xf] . o;df !!$ v08 5g\ . of] u|Gy o; s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 ls cNnfxafx]s c? s'g} O{Zj/ 5}g . s'/fgdf o; s'/fsf] klg lgb]{zg 5 sL Ps d';ndfgn] cfkm\gf] b}lgs Jojxf/ s;/L lgoldt /fVg'k5{ . o;df rf/ st{Jo ljz]if ?kdf atfOPsf] 5 – lbgdf kfFr k6s gdfj k9\g' , ul/jnfO bfg lbg', /f]h lgoldt ?kdf /fVg' / dSsf sf] ofqf ug'{ .

dfpG6 s] 6' lxdfnsf] kl/ro lbg'xf]; .

          ljZjsf] bf];|f] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ dfpG6 s] 6' kfls:tfgdf kb{5 . sf/fsf]/d lxdz[ª\vnffd cjl:yt o; lxdlzv/sf] prfO *^!! ld6/ 5 . u8ljg cfl:6g gfdn] klg lrlgg] o; lxd lzv/nfO{ pb'{ efiffdf …nDjf kxf8… / lrlgofF efiffdf …So'lu/… elgG5 .

lnR5ljsfnsf] ;fdflgs / wfld{s ljz]iftf n]Vg'xf];\ <

        lnR5ljsfndf rf/ j0f{ / !* hftsf] k|yf ljBdfg lyof] . ef/tLo ;fdflgs jftfj/0f lgR5jL /fhfx?df k/] klg nf]sOR5f cg';f/ u0ftGqfTds z}nLnfO{ k|>o lbOPsf] kfOG5 . ;dfhdf /fhvns ;fdGt / ;j{;fw/0f hgtfsf nlu cnu–cnu st{Jo / clwsf/sf] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . dfgb]jn] af}4, z}j dlGb/x?sf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . o; ;dodf wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf lyof] . lnR5jLsfndf v]tLkftL, pBd, lzNk pBf]u h:tf Joj;foLx? lyP . lnR5jLsfnsf rf8kj{x? df pb\3f6g, s}nfzs'6 hfqf, zf]efodfg ofqfm cgGt lnË]Zj/ hfqf, a/fxofqfh:tf lxGb' / af}4 dtdf cfwfl/t hfqfx? dfgfOGYof] . b;}+, ltxf/h:tf kj{x?sf] k|rng ePsf] kfOG5 . lnR5ljsfndf ef/taf6 zª\s/frfo{ g]kfn cfPsf] sf/0fn] o; ;kodf lxGb' wd{sf] abL k|ef/ ePsf] b]lvG5 .

cfPdPkmsL k|d'v lqm:6Lgf Nofuf8{ af/] pNn]v ug'{xf]; .

          5 lkm6 cUnL / rfFbL h:t} skfn ePsL km|fG;sL k"j{ ljQ dGqL lqm:6Lgf Nofuf8{ ;g\ @)!! h'nfO{ % tfl/vdf cGt/fli6«o d'b|f sf]ifsL k|yd dlxnf k|d'v jGg ;kmn eOg\ . ljZjsf !*& d'n's ;b:o /x]sf] sf]ifsf k"j{k|d'v 8f]ldlgs :6«f; sfgn] /flhgfdf lbPkl5 lqml:6gf Nofuf{8 cEoIf ag]sL x'g\ . sf]ifsf] @$ ;b:oLo ;~rfns ;ldltn] ut h'nfO{ % af6 nfu' x'g] ul/ pgnfO{ pQm kbdf lgo'lQm u/]sf] xf] . k]l/;sf] af}l4s kl/jf/df hlGdPsL lqm:6Lgf n] k]l/; o'lgel;{6Laf6 sfg'gdf :gfts / OlG:6Ro'6 ckm kf]ln6Lsn :6l8haf6 /fhgLlt s zf:qdf  :gftsf]Q/ u/]sL l5g\ . cd]l/sfdf jlsn /x]sL lqm:6Lgf km|fG; kmls{P/ /fhgLltdf nfu]sL x'g\ . pgL ;g\ @))& df jfl0fHo  dGqL / To;kl5 s[lif dGqL x'b} ljQ dGqL ag]sL x'g\ .

          klt ;Fu kf/kfr's] u/]sL lqml:6gfsf b'O} 5f]/f 5g\ . zfsfxf/L hLjg z}nL ePsL lqm:6Lgf /S;L slxn} lkPsL 5}gg\ . pgsf] ;f]v kf}8L / of]udf 5 . pgL km|Gr / g];gn 6LdsL k"j{ RoflDkPg x'g\ . d'b|f sf]ifdf bflvn x'g' cl3 pgL ljZjsf !& cf}+ zlQmzfnL dlxnf sf] ?kdf lyOg\ .

xfn;Ddsf ljZjsk dlxnf km'6jnsf ljh]tf tyf pkljh]tf /fi6«sf gfd n]v.

          ;g\ !((! ljh]tf– cd]l/sf, pkljh]tf– gj]{ . !((%–gj]{, pkljh]tf– hd{gL . !(((– cd]l/sf, pkljh]tf– rLg . @))#– hd{gL, pkljh]tf– :jL8]g . @))&– hd{gL, pkljh]tf– a|fhLn . @)!!– hkfg, pkljh]tf– cd]l/sf

h}ljs o'4 eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <

          h}ljs o'4 eGgfn] c:qz:qsf] cGwfw'Gw k|of]u u/L zq' kIfnfO{ IftljIft kfg'{ xfOg . h}ljs o'4 eg]sf] zq' kIfdf /f]u pTkGg u/fpg] hLjf0f' 5l/lbP/ pgLx?nfO{ tLg} hLjf0f'4f/ d[To' z}ofdf k'¥ofO{lbg' xf] . t/ o:tf hLjf0f'sf] k|of]uåf/f ul/g] o'4n] zq' kIfsf ;]gfnfO{ dfq /f]uL hagfP/ ;j{;fwf/0f lgd'vf hgtfb]lv cg]s kz'kIfL tyf jg:kltdf ;d]t g/fd|f] c;/ k'Ub5 . o;}nfO{ ;ª\If]kdf eGg' kbf{ h}ljs o'4af6 ;a} hLljt k|f0fLsf] ljgfz x'G5 .

          h}ljs o'4sf] k|rng cfhsf] ljZjsf] /rgf xf]Og . xhf/f}F jif{ cl3b]lv x}hf / Kn]un] d/]sf JolQmnfO{ zq' kIfsf vfg]kfgL kf]v/L tyf s'jfx?df km\ofFs]/ h}ljs o'4nfO{ a9fjf lbOPsf] kfOG5 . To:t{ k|sf/sf OG8f]–km|]Gr o'4sf a]nf km|flG;;Lx?n] cd]l/sLx?nfO{ ljkm/sf /f]uLx?n] nufPsf tyf cf]8]sf n'uf tyf sDan a]r]/ ljkm/sf ls6f0f' ;fg]{ sfd u/]sf lyP eg] vfg]kfgLsf s'jf, kf]v/L tyf d'xfgdf ljif xfn]/ zq' kIfnfO{ ;vfk kfg]{ sfd ePsf] lyof] .

dfgj ljsf; ;'rsf+s eg]sf] s]x]f <

        dfgjLo cfjZostf sf s'/fx? cfo:t/ lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, ;'ljwf tyf cfly{s ;d[l4sf] cfwf/df ;du| cj:yf s:tf] 5 , ;f]sf] dfkg ug{sf nflu lgDg a'Fbfx?sf] cfwf/df ljsf;:t/ dfkgsf nflu lgsflng] cf};tnfO{ dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s -HID_ elgG5 .

          – :jf:Yo bL3{hLjg cyf{t cf};t cfo'

          – lzIff cyf{t\ ;fIf/tf b/

          – hLjg:t/ cyf{t\ k|ltJolQm cf};t cfDbfgL

e|i6rf/ lgjf/0f P]g @)%( cg';f/ s:tf] cj:yfdf u}/sfg'gL ?kn] ;DklQ cfh{g ul/g] dflgg]5 <

        k|rlnt sfg'[g adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] dflgg] /fi6«;]jsn] k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lgd k]; u/]sf] ;DklQ ljj/0f cldNbf] tyf c:jfefljs b]lvg cfPdf jf lghn] dfgfl;a sf/0fljgf cldNbf] / c:Jffefljs hLjg:t/ ofkg u/]df jf cfkm\gf] x}l;oteGbf a9L s;}nfO{ bfg, bftJo, pkxf/, ;fk6L, rGbf jf as; lbPsf] k|dfl0ft ePdf To:tf] ;DklQ s] s:tf] ;|f]taf6 cfh{g u/]sf] xf] eGg] s'/f lghn] k|dfl0ft ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 / gu/]df To:tf] ;DklQ u}/sfg'gL ?kdf cfh{g u/]sf]  dflgg]5 . s'g} /fi6«;]jsn] o;/L u}/sfg'gL ?kdf ;DklQ cfh{g u/]sf] k|dfl0ft ePdf To;/L u/]sf] ;DklQsf] lauf] cg';f/ b'O{ jif{ ;Dd s}b / ljuf] adf]lhd hl/jfgf u/L To;/L cfh{g u/]sf] u}/sfg'gL ;DklQ ;d]t hkmt ul/g]5 .

g]kfn /fi6«a}Í :yfkgfsf p2]Zox? s] s] x'g\ <

          g]kfn /fi6«a}Í :yfkgfsf p2]]Zox?–

          s_ gf]6 lg:sf;g ug]{

          v_ tTsfnL cj:yfdf a9L rngrNtLdf /x]sf] ef? lgoGq0f u/L g]kfnL d'b|f rng rNtLdf Nofpg]

          u_ ljgLdo b/df lgoldttf Nofpg]

          3_ ljsf; ljQsf] kl/rfng / pBf]uwGbfsf] ljsf; ug]{

          ª_ a}ÍLª k|0fnLsf] ljsf; ug]{

sfuhL gf]]6sf] k|rng af/] n]Vg'xf]; .

          ;j{k|yd g]kfndf ? %, !), / !)) b/df sfuhL gf]6x? @))@ ;fn c;f]h ! ut] k|rngdf NofOPsf] lyof] . ;'?df ? % sf] @ nfv yfg, ? !) sf] ! nfv yfg / ? !))sf] % xhf/ yfg k|sflzt u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfndf pQm b/sf gf]6 k|rngdf Nofpg /f0ff k|wfgdGqL h'4 zdz]/ ha/fn] lj;+ @))@ c;f]h ! ut] Ol:txf/ hf/L u/]sf lyP . Ol:txf/df sfuhL gf]6 5fKg' kgf{sf sf/0f , k|sflzt gf]6sf] gDa/ / yfgm sfugL gf]6sf] ;§f gubL df]x/ g} rflxg]nfO{ ;b/ d'n'sLvfgf gf]6 ljefu ckmL;af6 ;6zL ul/lbg] Joj:yf, o;kl5 rNtL x'g] gf]6sf] gDa/ uf]/vfkqdf 5flkg], gf]6sf] b/efp 36La9L u/L ;6xL ug]{ jf rng Jojxf/df glng] ;d]t u/]sf 7x/] ;hfo x'g] Joxf]/f pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] .

sfuhdf cf}Fnfsf] NofKr] lsg nufOG5 <

          s'g}klg b'O{ JolQmsf] cf}Fnfsf] 5fk slxNo} d]n vfFb}g eGg] ;TotYosf] ;a}eGbf klxnf] hfgsf/L cfheGbf b'O{xhf/ jif{cl3 g} rLgsf jfl;Gbfx?nfO{ lyof] . oxL tYonfO{ ;a}eGbf klxn] j}1flgs ;/ kmf|lG;; ufN6gn] !*(@ df k|dfl0ft u/] . ufN6gn] s'g} klg b'O{ JolQmsf] cf}Fnfsf] 5fk Ps csf{df slxNo{ klg d]n vfb}g eGg] s'/f l;4 u/]kl5 o;}sf] cfwf/df ck/fwL kQf nufpg] sfo{sf] klg k|f/De ul/of] . cf}Fnfsf] 5fk nufpg] tl/sf ljwL eg] P8jf]8{ x]g/Ln] kQf nufPkl5 ToxL ljlwnfO{ k|x/L ljefun] k|of]udf NofPsf] kfOG5 .

g]kfndf ah]6 th'{dfdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx? s] s] x'g\ <

          g]kfndf ah]6 th'{dfdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?M

s_ cy{ dGqfnon] tf]s]sf] ;LdfeGbf a9L dfu ug]{ k|j[lQ

v_ /fhgLlts bjfadf kl/ cg'Tkfbs If]qdf ;d]t ah]6 ljlgof]lht x'g' .

u_ ljsf; kl/of]hgfx?sf] ;+Vof cToGt w]/} /xg' / k|fyldsLl/0f cg'?k ah]6 ljlgof]hg x'g g;Sg' .

3_ cfjlws of]hgf / jflif{s ah]6ljr plrt tfnd]nsf] cefj

ª_ ;'/Iff vr{sf sf/0fn] ljsf; ah]6df Go"gtf cfpg', ;fwf/0f vr{df j[l4 x'b{ hfg'

r_ ljlgof]lht gePsf] If]qdf ;d]t /sd lgsf;f lbg] k|j[lQ

5_ ah]6nfO{ cj08f /fVg] k|j[lQ

h_ ;d'lrt vr{ ug]{ dfkb08 tof/ gx'g' .

@)^* ;fnsf] zlxb :df/s lnusf pTs[i6 v]nf8L sf] sf] x'g\ <

          lnu pkflw         M g]kfn k'ln; Snj

          pTs[i6 k|lzIfs    M lj/f6s[i0f >]]i7, g]kfn k'ln; Snj

          pTs[i6 km/jf8{     M h'dfg' /fO{, g]kfn k'ln; Snj         pTs[i6 ld8lkmN8/  M hulht >]i7, lxdfnog z]kf{ Snj

          pTs[i6 l8km]G8/    M ;GbLk /fO{, dgfª d:ofªbL{

          pTs[i6 uf]n /Ifs  l/t]z yfkf, g]kfn k'ln; Snj          ;jf{lws uf]nstf{   M h'dfg' /fO{, g]kfn k'ln; Snj